Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study

Kries, Rüdiger von; Koletzko, Berthold; Sauerwald, Thorsten; Mutius, Erika von; Barnert, Dietmar; Grunert, Veit Peter; Voss, Hubertus von

doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7203.147

Cited by 742 publications

(499 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…girls who were v. those never breast-fed had a 50 % reduced odds of being overweight/obese. Breast-feeding as an independent variable showed a modest inverse, linear association with BMI and waist circumference among these children of pre-school age, and this concurs with prior childhood studies (14)(15)(16) . More recently, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n 4852) found that longer breast-feeding duration was associated with lower mean BMI (P trend , 0?001) (16) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Relationship between breast-feeding and adiposity in infants and pre-school children

Gopinath

Subramanian

Flood

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objectives: We aimed to establish associations of duration of breast-feeding with mean BMI and waist circumference, as well as the likelihood of being overweight/obese, during early childhood. Design: Cross-sectional, population-based study. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured and BMI calculated. Interviewer-administered questionnaire determined whether the child was ever breast-fed and the duration of breast-feeding. Setting: Sydney, Australia. Subjects: Infants and pre-school children (n 2092) aged 1-6 years were examined in the Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study during [2007][2008][2009]. Results: Of the children aged 1-6 years, 1270 had been breast-fed compared with 822 who were never breast-fed. After multivariable adjustment, 1-6-year-old children who were ever breast-fed compared with those who were not had significantly lower BMI, 16?7 (SE 0?1) kg/m 2 v. 17?1 (SE 0?2) kg/m 2 (P 5 0?01). Decreasing BMI was associated with increasing duration of breast-feeding (P trend 5 0?002). After multivariable adjustment, each month increase in breastfeeding was associated with an average BMI decrease of 0?04 kg/m 2 (P 5 0?002) and 0?03 kg/m 2 (P 5 0?03) among children aged 1-2 years and 3-4 years, respectively. In 1-2-year-old children, each month increase in breast-feeding duration was associated with a 0?06 cm decrease in waist circumference (P 5 0?04). Significant associations were not observed among 5-6-year-old children. Children who were ever breast-fed v. those never breast-fed were less likely to be overweight/obese 95 % CI 0?36, 0?83). Conclusions: We demonstrated a modest influence of breast-feeding on children's BMI during early childhood, particularly among those aged less than 5 years.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Relationship between breast-feeding and adiposity in infants and pre-school children

Gopinath

Subramanian

Flood

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Ekelund et al (34) emphasized that participants who had been breast-fed for more than 6 months benefited from maternal breast-feeding in terms of MetS prevention. Breast-feeding offers some protection related to the development of obesity (35) . Considering that breast-fed infants gain weight more slowly over the first year compared with Table 3 Multiple logistic regression analysis of metabolic syndrome components and its associated factors in 7-to 17-year-old children and adolescents (n 1770), Guangzhou, China, …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic syndrome and its associated early-life factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China

Wang

Zhu

Cai

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 7-to 17-year-old children and adolescents in China and to examine the relationship between MetS and its associated early-life factors. Design: Data were collected using a standard parent/guardian questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. Each participant underwent a complete anthropometric evaluation. MetS was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF; 2007) for children and adolescents. Setting: Guangzhou, a large city in South China, September 2013. Subjects: A total of 1770 children and adolescents were enrolled in the study, including 913 girls (51·6 %) and 857 boys (48·4 %). Results: The overall prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents was 1·1 % (n 19), which was higher in boys (1·4 %) than in girls (0·8 %). Multivariate analysis indicated that high birth weight was significantly associated with abdominal obesity (OR = 2·86; 95 % CI 1·62, 5·06) and MetS (OR = 3·61; 95 % CI 1·33, 9·82). Furthermore, >6 months of maternal breast-feeding was inversely associated with MetS (OR = 0·39; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·98). Conclusion: Based on IDF criteria, the prevalence of MetS among southern Chinese children was significantly lower than that in other populations. High birth weight was significantly associated with abdominal obesity and MetS, and breast-feeding for longer than 6 months was inversely associated with MetS in South China. Keywords Paediatric Metabolic syndrome Obesity NutritionMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors defined by the co-occurrence of at least three of the following features: obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hypertriacylglycerolaemia and low level of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (1) . The prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents is increasing worldwide. In 2014, Miller et al. reported that approximately 73·2 % of the participants in their study presented at least one feature, with an estimated MetS prevalence of 10·1 % among adolescents in the USA (2) . A study in 2012 showed that the prevalence of MetS in six cities in China was 27·6 % in obese participants and 0·2 % in normal-weight children (3) .Morrison et al. showed that MetS during childhood predicts adult MetS and type 2 diabetes mellitus 25-30 years later (4) . This finding emphasizes the importance of early control of MetS during childhood as a strategy for primary prevention of CVD later in life. Identification of risk factors in youngsters is crucial for the prevention and rapid detection of MetS (5) ; however, the associated early-life factors of MetS in children remain unclear and previous results are inconsistent. Some studies showed that urbanization, unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle are major contributors to health disorders (6,7) . Furthermore, certain circumstances in utero and early childhood predispose a child to disorders such as obesity, dysglycaemia and MetS (8)(9)(10) .

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“…A positive family history of overweight and obesity is an important indicator of the genetic risk for being overweight in childhood. 46,47 However, besides inheritance of genes that confer susceptibility to obesity, parental overweight is also a proxy for shaping the postnatal eating and activity environment of their child. In most cases overweight parents create and sustain an 'obesogenic' environment (that is, high-caloric diets and physical inactivity) for themselves and their children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…55,56 The association between maternal education and childhood overweight at 3-5 years of age observed in the present study accords with the findings from other similar studies. 15,46,57,58 In all these studies preschoolers born to mothers having a higher education (usually with a college or a university degree) were less likely to be overweight than children born to mothers with lower education (usually with a junior high school degree). Higher maternal educational level in most cases reflects higher socioeconomic status of the family, which has been associated with healthier dieting, physical activity and weight control practices compared to families with lower socioeconomic status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study

2007

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Objective: To identify those perinatal parameters and characteristics predisposing children to an increased risk of overweight during infancy and preschool years. Design: The analyses were performed using data from the Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study In preSchoolers. Subjects: A representative sample of 2374 Greek preschoolers 1-5 years old. Measurements: Anthropometric data, such as body weight, recumbent length and standing height, were obtained by using standard procedures and measuring equipment. Structured interviews were conducted with both parents to collect information on anthropometric, demographic, medical and behavioral data. Finally, children's anthropometric data at birth, 6 and 12 months of age were recorded from their birth certificates and medical records. Results: Children born large for gestational age were 4.59 and 2.19 times more likely for being overweight at 6 and 12 months of age, respectively, than children born appropriate for gestational age. On the other hand, children that were exclusively breastfed were 0.49 and 0.54 times less likely for being overweight at 6 and 12 months of age, respectively, than children that were exclusively formula fed. Furthermore, 3-to 5-year-old children born to mothers who were both active and passive smokers during pregnancy were 1.79 times more likely of being overweight compared to children born to nonsmoking mothers. Finally, having an overweight father significantly increased the likelihood of childhood overweight at 12 months, 1-3 and 3-5 years of age. Conclusion: Our findings showed that some of the perinatal parameters and characteristics examined in the current study predict overweight at infancy, while others at preschool years. Priority should be given to size at birth, breastfeeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental overweight, when developing public health strategies to reduce the prevalence of childhood overweight and related chronic disease later in life.

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Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study

Cited by 742 publications

References 20 publications

Relationship between breast-feeding and adiposity in infants and pre-school children

Relationship between breast-feeding and adiposity in infants and pre-school children

Metabolic syndrome and its associated early-life factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China

Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study

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