Breast-feeding and Post Partum Amenorrhoea in Central Africa: 3. Milk production in an urban area

Hennart, P; Ruchababisha, Migabo; Vis, Henri-Louis

doi:10.1093/tropej/29.3.185

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In Keneba, The Gambia, maternal BMI was not significantly correlated with milk output at any stage of lactation (Prentice et al 1986). In Zaire, irrespective of the concerns about low values, there was no relationship between milk output and BMI in either urban or rural groups (Hennart & Vis, 1980;Hennart et al 1983). In Kenya, milk volume was slightly lower (80 g/d, P<O.O28) in women classified as WH-minus (mean BMI 18.7 kg/m2) than that in those classified as WH-plus (BMI 23.5 kg/m2;van Steenbergen etal.…”

Section: Influence O J Maternal Nutrition On Milk Volumementioning

confidence: 93%

Evolutionary and enviromental influences on human lactation

Prentice

1995

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The evolution of lactation as a strategy by which mothers can continue to nourish their offspring after birth is of such profound significance that it forms the very basis for identifying a whole class of vertebrates, the Mammalia. Although certain non-mammals also feed their young by maternal secretion of nutrients, it is only the mammals that have developed specific cutaneous secretory organs, the mammary glands. The philogenic origins of these, now highly developed, glands are thought to have arisen from the selective modification of apocrine sweat glands (Mepham, 1987). Divergent evolution has since resulted in wide variations in the number, morphology and anatomy of mammary glands, ranging from the teatless abdominal pouches of egg-laying monotremes to the highly-developed udder of the dairy cow capable of remarkable feats of biosynthesis. The present paper considers how evolutionary factors may have shaped the development of human lactation and how these now influence the way in which lactation is affected by environmental variables; primarily the nutrition of the mother. EVOLUTIONARY INFLUENCES ON HUMAN LACTATIONIn addition to the wide variation in the physical characteristics of mammary glands between species there is also wide divergence in the biological strategies adopted for lactation. These are revealed as differences in variables such as the relative duration of gestation and lactation (altricial v . precocial birth), the quantity and composition of milk produced, and maternal feeding strategies during lactation (Mepham, 1987). To review these across a11 mammals would be beyond the scope of the present review, so we have chosen to concentrate on aspects of milk quantity and composition in a small selection of the eutherian mammals. We have included 'laboratory' and domesticated animals since the study of such species has been the source of much of our current knowledge on lactation. Fig. 1 illustrates the concentrations of macronutrients in milks from eight species ranked according to protein content, and divided into laboratory animals, domesticated animals and primates. It is clear that the mammary gland is a highly adaptable organ capable of producing milk over a wide range of composition. Inclusion of other species would reveal an even greater range, with a number of seals producing milk containing up to 500 g fadkg and negligible milk sugar. It seems reasonable to assume that the composition of milk in any species has evolved to suit that species, and may represent a compromise between the nutritional stress which is sustainable by the mother and the optimal growth and development needs of the offspring.The 10-fold variation in protein concentrations in Fig. 1 (which reduces to a 5-fold range if expressed as protein energy %) is related to the postnatal growth rates of each species with the fastest growing young receiving the most concentrated milk. Fat concentration is approximately correlated with protein, thus providing energy to support rapid growth where necessary. Milk sugars (mostly lac...

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Section: Influence O J Maternal Nutrition On Milk Volumementioning

confidence: 93%

Evolutionary and enviromental influences on human lactation

Prentice

1995

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…When suckling was maintained more than six times per day, prolactin levels remained above normal up to at least 12 months post-partum. Moreover, the number of feeds per 24 hr declined from fourteen at 0-2 months post-partum to ten at 18 + months (Hennart, Ruchababisha & Vis, 1983). Frequency of suckling was also high in the rural areas, with women breast-feeding on average thirteen times per day at 2 years post-partum (Hennart & Vis, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suckling patterns and post-partum amenorrhoea in Bangladesh

et al. 1987

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SummaryThe association between breast-feeding patterns and resumption of menses post-partum was examined in a longitudinal study initiated in March 1976 in Bangladesh. Information on suckling patterns and menstrual status was collected on 148 breast-feeding women who were still amenorrhoeic at 17–25 months post-partum at the beginning of the study. Suckling was measured during an 8-hr period once a month for up to 19 months of follow-up.A high frequency of suckling was found, even at this late post-partum duration. Total suckling time and the number of suckling episodes declined with the age of the child but the mean duration of each episode did not change. The fact that regression analyses did not show a correlation between suckling patterns and return of menses post-partum may be related to the large individual variations in suckling patterns and in the duration of amenorrhoea in this population, and the need to study suckling patterns for longer than 8 hr per day.

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“…When we could not locate a full text, we contacted the author, but were unsuccessful in securing the full-text article for 8 titles/abstracts. Of the 319 full-text articles screened, 122 articles (122 unique studies) met our inclusion criteria ( Table 2 ) [ [12] , [14] , [22] , [28] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] , [83] , [84] , [85] , [86] , [87] , [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] , [92] , [93] , [94] , [95] , [96] , [97] ,…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Maternal Body Weight or Composition Associated with Onset of Lactogenesis II, Human Milk Production, or Infant Consumption of Mother’s Own Milk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Montana,

Mildon,

Daniel

et al. 2024

Advances in Nutrition

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Breast-feeding and Post Partum Amenorrhoea in Central Africa: 3. Milk production in an urban area

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Evolutionary and enviromental influences on human lactation

Evolutionary and enviromental influences on human lactation

Suckling patterns and post-partum amenorrhoea in Bangladesh

Is Maternal Body Weight or Composition Associated with Onset of Lactogenesis II, Human Milk Production, or Infant Consumption of Mother’s Own Milk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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