Breast Is Best . . . Except When It’s Not

McIntyre, Lynne; Griffen, Adrienne; BrintzenhofeSzoc, Karlynn

doi:10.1177/0890334418774011

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…This hypothesis is plausible given that the abrupt withdrawal of progesterone and oestrogen that occurs postbirth [60] coincides with the peak timing of onset of postpartum psychosis. In line with this theory, associations have been reported between mood episodes triggered by childbirth, the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle and/or the menopause in women with bipolar disorder [57][58][59][60][61]. Notably, a proportion of women are also seemingly only vulnerable to experiencing severe mood episodes in relation to childbirth [29].…”

Section: Hormonal Factorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Though marital difficulties during the perinatal period may be related [48], it is not clear whether this factor may contribute to the onset of symptoms or be a consequence of the illness. Unmet maternal expectations in relation to childbirth and breastfeeding are associated with feelings of shame and failure and may increase risk of depressive illness and anxiety in the postpartum period [57,58]. While these factors require further examination in relation to postpartum psychosis, limited qualitative data in this area suggest some women perceive difficult birth experiences and unsupportive family relationships to be potential causes of their postpartum psychotic illness [59].…”

Section: Psychological and Social Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenomenology, Epidemiology and Aetiology of Postpartum Psychosis: A Review

et al. 2021

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Postpartum psychoses are a severe form of postnatal mood disorders, affecting 1–2 in every 1000 deliveries. These episodes typically present as acute mania or depression with psychosis within the first few weeks of childbirth, which, as life-threatening psychiatric emergencies, can have a significant adverse impact on the mother, baby and wider family. The nosological status of postpartum psychosis remains contentious; however, evidence indicates most episodes to be manifestations of bipolar disorder and a vulnerability to a puerperal trigger. While childbirth appears to be a potent trigger of severe mood disorders, the precise mechanisms by which postpartum psychosis occurs are poorly understood. This review examines the current evidence with respect to potential aetiology and childbirth-related triggers of postpartum psychosis. Findings to date have implicated neurobiological factors, such as hormones, immunological dysregulation, circadian rhythm disruption and genetics, to be important in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Prediction models, informed by prospective cohort studies of high-risk women, are required to identify those at greatest risk of postpartum psychosis.

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Section: Hormonal Factorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Psychological and Social Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenomenology, Epidemiology and Aetiology of Postpartum Psychosis: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…However, the hormonal, neurobiological, and psychological consequences of disrupted breastfeeding may also exacerbate difficult psychological conditions. The article by McIntyre et al (2018) neglected reliable research on sleep in breastfeeding infants and families, exemplified by studies conducted by McKenna and Gettler (2016) and Ball (2016). This research points to protective elements of nighttime breastfeeding as well as a means of enhancing maternal sleep cycles while ensuring proximity without interrupting essential hormonally based breastfeeding.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…. Except When It’s Not” (McIntyre, Griffen, & BrintzenhofeSzoc, 2018 [this issue]). I also agree that there is a connection between breastfeeding and maternal mental health.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parents Presenting with Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders Deserve Ethical and Appropriate Breastfeeding Support: Missing and Inaccurate Information in the Article “Breast Is Best . . . Except When It’s Not”

Epstein-Gilboa

2018

J Hum Lact

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A reinterpretation of human breast anatomy includes all the layers of the anterior body wall

Hall,

Suarez‐Venot,

Lindvall

et al. 2024

The Anatomical Record

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Mammary glands define mammals as a group, yet a comprehensive anatomical description of the mammary gland does not exist for almost any mammalian species. In humans, the anatomical and surgical literature provide conflicting and incomplete descriptions of the gross anatomy of the breast. We dissected 9 male and 15 female human body donors to clarify this gross anatomy. We found that, like other epidermally derived glands of the body, the mammary glandular tissue is constrained to a membrane‐bound, central structure referred to as the corpus mammae in the surgical literature, and not dispersed throughout the breast as typically described in the anatomical literature. The major fasciae of the human anterior body wall, including the superficial fatty Camper's fascia and the deeper membranous Scarpa's fascia, both contribute to the structure of the breast. This anatomical arrangement suggests that, as the mammary gland invaginates posteriorly from the integument during embryological development, the mammary fat pad most likely derives from Camper's fascia, and growth of Scarpa's fascia around this fat pad forms the anterior and posterior lamellae of the breast pocket. Anteriorly, Scarpa's fascia becomes a double layer that creates the surface structure of the breast. Posteriorly, Scarpa's fascia forms a circummammary ligament that (1) stabilizes the breast against the thoracic wall and (2) is continuous with Scarpa's fascia on the rest of the anterior body wall. The suspensory ligaments of the breast represent the typical retinaculae cuti found consistently throughout the human body wall, and do not directly attach to the skin. Instead, these retinaculae attach to the anterior or posterior lamella of Scarpa's fascia.

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Breast Is Best . . . Except When It’s Not

Cited by 19 publications

References 58 publications

Phenomenology, Epidemiology and Aetiology of Postpartum Psychosis: A Review

Phenomenology, Epidemiology and Aetiology of Postpartum Psychosis: A Review

Parents Presenting with Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders Deserve Ethical and Appropriate Breastfeeding Support: Missing and Inaccurate Information in the Article “Breast Is Best . . . Except When It’s Not”

A reinterpretation of human breast anatomy includes all the layers of the anterior body wall

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