Breast milk contains relevant neurotrophic factors and cytokines for enteric nervous system development

Fichter, Michael; Klotz, Markus; Hirschberg, David L.; Waldura, Bärbel; Schofer, O.; Ehnert, Sabrina; Schwarz, Lukas; Ginneken, Chris Van; Schäfer, Karl‐Herbert

doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100124

Cited by 48 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The enteric nervous system with its intimate contact to luminal contents of the gut is in contrast to the CNS permanent challenged. Due to dietary habits, mechanical bowel movements and inflammatory responses, the ENS has to handle tissue damage or neuronal cell loss continuously [54], [55]. Replacement of lost neuronal and glia cells might be one of the concepts for the lifelong intestinal plasticity [28], [56], [57].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Gastrointestinal Tract, a Potential Autologous Neural Stem Cell Source

et al. 2013

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Stem cell therapies seem to be an appropriate tool for the treatment of a variety of diseases, especially when a substantial cell loss leads to a severe clinical impact. This is the case in most neuronal cell losses. Unfortunately, adequate neural stem cell sources are hard to find and current alternatives, such as induced programmed stem cells, still have incalculable risks. Evidence of neurogenesis in the adult human enteric nervous system brought up a new perspective. In humans the appendix harbors enteric neuronal tissue and is an ideal location where the presence of neural stem cells is combined with a minimal invasive accessibility. In this study appendices from adults and children were investigated concerning their neural stem cell potential. From each appendix tissue samples were collected, and processed for immunohistochemistry or enteric neural progenitor cell generation. Free-floating enteric neurospheres (EnNS’s) could be generated after 6 days in vitro. EnNS’s were either used for transplantation into rat brain slices or differentiation experiments. Both transplanted spheres and control cultures developed an intricate network with glia, neurons and interconnecting fibers, as seen in primary enteric cultures before. Neuronal, glial and neural stem cell markers could be identified both in vitro and in vivo by immunostaining. The study underlines the potential of the enteric nervous system as an autologous neural stem cell source. Using the appendix as a potential target opens up a new perspective that might lead to a relatively unproblematic harvest of neural stem cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Gastrointestinal Tract, a Potential Autologous Neural Stem Cell Source

et al. 2013

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“…In this regard, higher levels of milk BDNF have been described in preeclampsia [16] . The role of GDNF in human milk and its decrease along the first month of lactation are areas that are still more uncertain, but the similar negative correlation with head circumference suggests the possible implication of this neurotrophic factor in neurite outgrowth and survival [17] . Concerning GFAP, to the best of our knowledge, our data are the first to show that GFAP is present in human breast milk, and little is known on its function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive Components in Human Milk Along the First Month of Life: Effects of Iodine Supplementation during Pregnancy

et al. 2016

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Background/Aims: Human milk is considered the most suitable food for infants. The potential benefits of breastfeeding can be explained by the presence of different growth and neurotrophic factors in human milk. This study was designed to detect some biomarkers in human milk, which could be involved in the infant neurodevelopment and in the regulation of the maturation of neonatal intestine (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and autotaxin (ATX)), and compare them on the basis of the consumption of iodine supplements or multivitamins. Methods: A prospective study included 37 healthy breastfeeding mothers, divided into 3 different groups: (1) 10 mothers who did not take supplements, (2) 17 mothers who took potassium iodine (KI) 200 µg/day and (3) 10 mothers who took a multivitamin supplement. Results: The concentrations of BDNF, GDNF, GFAP, FGF21, LPA and ATX in human milk were not significantly different in women who took a multivitamin or KI supplement compared with those who did not take any supplement. Conclusions: The presence of neurotrophic factors in human milk is neither modified by the consumption of supplements nor by their type.

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“…Human milk (HM) is the optimal nutrition for term infants as it contains a uniquely balanced profile of macronutrients along with micronutrients, hormones, antibodies, bioactive molecules [1] and cells [2,3], which adequately support the nutritional needs, appropriate growth, immunoprotection and physiological development of the infant [4,5]. It is well documented that prolonged breastfeeding is associated with decreased prevalence of overweight and obesity across the life course [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between Maternal Body Composition and Appetite Hormones and Macronutrients in Human Milk

et al. 2017

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Human milk (HM) appetite hormones and macronutrients may mediate satiety in breastfed infants. This study investigated associations between maternal adiposity and concentrations of HM leptin, adiponectin, protein and lactose, and whether these concentrations and the relationship between body mass index and percentage fat mass (%FM) in a breastfeeding population change over the first year of lactation. Lactating women (n = 59) provided milk samples (n = 283) at the 2nd, 5th, 9th and/or 12th month of lactation. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, total protein and lactose were measured. Maternal %FM was measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Higher maternal %FM was associated with higher leptin concentrations in both whole (0.006 ± 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.008) and skim HM (0.005 ± 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.007), and protein (0.16 ± 0.07 g/L, p = 0.028) concentrations. Adiponectin and lactose concentrations were not associated with %FM (0.01 ± 0.06 ng/mL, p = 0.81; 0.08 ± 0.11 g/L, p = 0.48, respectively). Whole milk concentrations of adiponectin and leptin did not differ significantly over the first year of lactation. These findings suggest that the level of maternal adiposity during lactation may influence the early appetite programming of breastfed infants by modulating concentrations of HM components.

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Breast milk contains relevant neurotrophic factors and cytokines for enteric nervous system development

Cited by 48 publications

References 25 publications

The Human Gastrointestinal Tract, a Potential Autologous Neural Stem Cell Source

The Human Gastrointestinal Tract, a Potential Autologous Neural Stem Cell Source

Bioactive Components in Human Milk Along the First Month of Life: Effects of Iodine Supplementation during Pregnancy

Associations between Maternal Body Composition and Appetite Hormones and Macronutrients in Human Milk

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