Breast Milk Is Better Than Formula Milk in Preventing Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver Disease in Infants Receiving Prolonged Parenteral Nutrition

Abstract

As a modality for early enteral nutrition, breast milk is protective against the development of PNALD in infants receiving PN for >4 weeks.

Effects of a Breast Milk Diet on Enteral Feeding Outcomes of Neonates with Gastrointestinal Disorders

“…Of particular interest to those caring for neonates with short bowel syndrome is the finding that BM has been found to be protective from developing PNassociated liver disease when on PN greater than 4 weeks. 16 Our findings revealed an association between increased formula intake and: 1) higher peak direct bilirubin levels; 2) increased number of patients with any direct bilirubin greater than 2 mg/dL; 3) and, of those patients with direct bilirubin greater than 2 mg/dL, an increased number of days with a direct bilirubin greater than 2 mg/dL (Table 3). In addition, the <50% BM group was significantly less likely to have zero days with a direct bilirubin greater than 2 mg/dL than the 100% and >50% BM groups ( p < 0.05).…”

Enteral Nutrition in the Management of Pediatric Intestinal Failure

“…Emerging evidence also suggests that human milk may help prevent IFALD, although the exact mechanism is unknown (26). If human milk is unavailable, amino acid-based formulas have been associated with improved outcomes (20).…”

Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metal Levels in Mothers Breast Milk in Famagusta, Cyprus

“…It has balanced nutrients such as fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other important dietary components and therefore it contributes to infant growth, immunity, and development [5]. These properties make the breast milk a unique nutrition source for infants and many authorities strongly encourage breastfeeding [6]. However, studies from different countries show that breast milk can contain different types and levels of environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and fungal toxins such as mycotoxins due to maternal dietary exposures [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”