Breastfeeding and Ovarian Cancer Risk: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 40 Epidemiological Studies

Abstract

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15 (12), 4829-4837 IntroductionBreastfeeding is the most common method by which mothers provide nutrition to newborn infants. Based on the latest National Immunization Survey data in 2012, the overall rate of initiation of breastfeeding in the United States is 76.9% (CDC). The most significant effect of breastfeeding on maternal health is the reduced risk of developing breast cancer (Bernier et al., 2000; Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast, 2002;do Carmo Franca-Botelho et al., 2012). Studies of the overall effect of breastfeeding on maternal outcomes also suggest that breastfeeding decreases the risk of developing hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease and diabetes (Schwarz et al., 2009). Infant could also benefit from long-term breastfeeding, e.g. prevention of Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma (Wang et al., 2013).Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the seventh-leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. The prognosis for ovarian cancer is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 45% (Jemal et al., 2011), and the causes of the disease are not understood. There

The Effect of Breastfeeding Duration and Parity on the Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…Our finding of decreased EOC risk with longer breastfeeding is similar to that reported by prior meta-analyses in 2013 and 2014 [22,23], but differs from that of a meta-analysis of nine case-control studies conducted in developed countries in 2001, in which breastfeeding for ≥12 months was associated with a significant 0.72-fold reduced risk of EOC compared to never having breastfed, while breastfeeding <12 months did not show such an association (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.12) [21]. …”

Phytochemical analysis and In vitro antioxidant acitivity of hydroalcoholic seed extract of Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f.

“…Flavonoids have also been shown to exhibit their actions through effects on membrane permeability, and by inhibition of membrane-bound enzymes such as the ATPase and phospholipase A2 [32] , and this property may explain the mechanisms of antioxidative action of N. nouchali hydroethanolic seed extract. Flavonoids serve as health promoting compound as a results of its anion radicals [33] .…”

Assessment of Multifactor Gene–Environment Interactions and Ovarian Cancer Risk: Candidate Genes, Obesity, and Hormone-Related Risk Factors

“…Similar to other hormone-related cancers in women, many of these risk factors related to hormone exposure, including: obesity (risk) (16–19); history of endometriosis (risk) (20); estrogen use menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT) (risk) (21); estrogen plus progesterone MHT (risk) (21); oral contraceptive use (protective effect that increases with time of use) (22); parity (protective effect increases with number of live births) (23, 24); tubal ligation (protective) (25); and breast feeding (protective) (26, 27). Similar to genetic risk factors, environmental risk factors also differ by histology (28); for example, endometriosis is associated with risk of only clear cell, low-grade serous, and endometrioid EOC (20, 29).…”