Breastfeeding and Postpartum Depression: An Overview and Methodological Recommendations for Future Research

Abstract

Emerging research suggests that a relationship exists between breastfeeding and postpartum depression; however, the direction and precise nature of this relationship are not yet clear. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum depression as it has been examined in the empirical literature. Also, the potential mechanisms of action that have been implicated in this relationship are also explored. PubMed and PsycINFO were searched using the keywords: breastfeeding with postpartum depression, perinatal depression, postnatal depression. Results of this search showed that researchers have examined this relationship in diverse ways using diverse methodology. In particular, researchers have examined the relationships between postpartum depression and breastfeeding intention, initiation, duration, and dose. Due to a number of methodological differences among past studies we make some recommendations for future research that will better facilitate an integration of findings. Future research should (1) use standardized assessment protocols; (2) confirm diagnosis through established clinical interview when possible; (3) provide a clear operationalized definition for breastfeeding variables; (4) clearly define the postpartum period interval assessed and time frame for onset of symptoms; (5) be prospective or longitudinal in nature; and (6) take into consideration other potential risk factors identified in the empirical literature.

Sex differences in depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period

“…Studies on mothers often report a strong association of maternal perinatal depressive symptoms and breastfeeding problems or discontinuation (Dias and Figueiredo, ). This is, however, definitely influenced by individual and societal expectations on breastfeeding (Pope and Mazmanian, ). Both the direction of the aforementioned association and the underlying mechanisms are still under study.…”

Depressão pós-parto e autoeficácia materna para amamentar: prevalência e associação

“…(1) Studies show higher rates in Brazil, with prevalence ranging between 7.2% and 39.4% in the cities of Recife and Vitória respectively. (2,3) The main risk factors for developing PPD are the following: inadequate or non-existent family and social support, women's psychiatric history, intense anxiety, previous depressive episodes, infertility, history of gestational loss, and negative feelings about gestation or the baby.…”

Positive Effect of Breastfeeding on Child Development, Anxiety, and Postpartum Depression

“…Studies have shown that breastfeeding is a protective factor in the case of postpartum mood swings [18]. Breastfeeding women develop PPD less frequently, suggesting that some hormonal effects associated with lactation may have protective effects on mental health, such as the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of oxytocin and prolactin.…”