Breastfeeding and Risk of Infections at 6 Years

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that breastfeeding is associated with reductions in the risk of common infections among infants; however, whether breastfeeding confers longer term protection is inconclusive. METHODS:We linked data from the 2005-2007 IFPS II (Infant Feeding Practices Study II) and follow-up data collected when the children were 6 years old. Multivariable logistic regression was used, controlling for sociodemographic variables, to examine associations of initiation, duration, exclusivity of breastfeeding, timing of supplementing breastfeeding with formula, and breast milk intensity (proportion of milk feedings that were breast milk from age 0-6 months) with maternal reports of infection (cold/upper respiratory tract, ear, throat, sinus, pneumonia/lung, and urinary) and sick visits in the past year among 6-year-olds (N = 1281). RESULTS:The most common past-year infections were colds/upper respiratory tract (66%), ear (25%), and throat (24%) infections. No associations were found between breastfeeding and colds/upper respiratory tract, lung, or urinary tract infections. Prevalence of ear, throat, and sinus infections and number of sick visits differed according to breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, and timing of supplementing breastfeeding with formula (P , .05). Among children ever breastfed, children breastfed for $9 months had lower odds of past-year ear (adjusted odds ratio CONCLUSIONS: This prospective longitudinal study suggests that breastfeeding may protect against ear, throat, and sinus infections well beyond infancy. Pediatrics 2014;134:S13-S20

Long-term safety assessment in children who received hydrolyzed protein formulas with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: a 5-year follow-up

“…Therefore, the differences were not consistently associated with the LGG-enriched formulas and thus unlikely related to the presence of LGG in the investigational formulas. In addition, the incidence of tonsillitis in the EHF-LGG is within the incidence of tonsillitis normally reported in this age group [49, 50]. Likewise, the incidence of viral skin infections reported in the EHF-LGG group through year 3 is within the expected incidence of these conditions in young children [51, 52].…”

Fatores de risco para a não amamentação: um estudo caso-controle

“…19,20 Constitui assim um processo complexo na sua determinação e suas consequências no espaço saúde/doença e que se aplica praticamente a todo o ciclo vital do homem. 2,4 No caso particular do estado de Pernambuco configura-se, no estágio atual das grandes mudanças que caracterizam o rápido processo de transição epidemiológica, uma situação de evidente polarização dos resultados. Isto se caracterizaria, como fato positivo, pela ocorrência já baixa (cerca de 5%) de história de falta completa de amamentação, contrapondo-se à frequência também ainda muita baixa de AME, ou seja, 8,1%, 15 como fator negativo.…”

“…4 O modismo dos leites heterólogos, por força dos interesses econômicos da indústria e do comércio nos primeiros 60 anos do século passado, constituiu um dos maiores e mais prejudiciais desvios em termos de cultura, práticas alimentares e promoção da saúde da história humana, 1 com pesadas consequências para a sobrevivência, desenvolvimento e bem estar de centenas de milhões de crianças em todo o mundo. 2,5 No entanto, apesar do consenso universal sobre as vantagens do aleitamento materno, incluindo a recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e Ministério da Saúde, 2-4 bem como os objetivos das políticas públicas, principalmente após a Reunião de Cúpula de Nova York (1990), os avanços obtidos em nível populacional ainda estão bem defasados em relação às metas fixadas.…”

The Effects of Breastfeeding Duration on the Frequency of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in the Advancing Years of Life

“…The limited number of studies have confirmed these findings; breastfeeding is protective against the acquisition of Helicobacter pylori (22,23,24) , wheezing is more occasional in ever breastfed children in contrast with never breastfed children (25,26,27,28) , and breast milk increases the level of protection against Haemophilus influenza type b infections (29) . Wilson et al discovered that children who had received breast milk exclusively for 15 weeks were more protected against respiratory illnesses in the following years of life (about the age of 7) in contrast with the ones who had received no breast milk (30) . In the longitudinal research lasting 6 years, Li et al did base on the data acquired from 'Infant Feeding Practices Study II IFPS II' and 'Year Six Follow-Up Y6FU', they discovered that the possibility of getting ear, throat and sinus infections is lower for children breastfed for at least 9 months in contrast to the children breastfed for 0-3 months (30) .…”

“…Wilson et al discovered that children who had received breast milk exclusively for 15 weeks were more protected against respiratory illnesses in the following years of life (about the age of 7) in contrast with the ones who had received no breast milk (30) . In the longitudinal research lasting 6 years, Li et al did base on the data acquired from 'Infant Feeding Practices Study II IFPS II' and 'Year Six Follow-Up Y6FU', they discovered that the possibility of getting ear, throat and sinus infections is lower for children breastfed for at least 9 months in contrast to the children breastfed for 0-3 months (30) . Rational antibiotic use is defined as the usage in an appropriate dose meeting patient's clinical needs, and in an appropriate period of time and method (31) .…”