Breastfeeding Outcomes Associated With the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children: A Systematic Review

Gross, Susan; Lerman, Jennifer; Hurley, Kristen M.; Venkataramani, Maya; Sharma, Ritu; Ogunwole, S. Michelle; Zhang, Allen; Bennett, Wendy L.; Bass, Eric B.; Caulfield, Laura E.

doi:10.1016/j.acap.2022.10.008

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Fourth, these data were collected in 2013–2014 and may not reflect current practices. While these data were collected following the 2009 revision to the WIC food package (Gross et al, 2023 ), this study's findings around the introduction of potentially allergenic complementary foods such as peanut products and eggs may not reflect current practices, as there was a paradigm shift in recommendations beginning in 2015 (Du Toit et al, 2015 ; Greer et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The early introduction of complementary foods/drinks is intrinsically linked to exclusive breastfeeding. Thus, promoting exclusive breastfeeding, which has improved since the 2009 revision of the WIC food package (Gross et al, 2023 ), is an important strategy to reduce the early introduction of complementary foods/drinks. In addition to the aforementioned guidance from clinicians and WIC programming, existing public health programs such as the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (Kramer et al, 2001 ) and Continuity of Care in Breastfeeding Support (National Association of County and City Health Officials, & US Breastfeeding Committee, 2021 ) could be implemented in more hospitals and communities and augmented to include more specific guidance about the introduction of complementary foods/drinks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The infant's milk feeding type (fully breastfed, partially breastfed or fully formula fed) and age determine the food package types received (US Department of Agriculture, 2021 ). A recent systematic review noted that, following the 2009 revision of the WIC food package, breastfeeding exclusivity may have improved and receipt of breastfeeding support services may have improved breastfeeding initiation and duration among WIC participants (Gross et al, 2023 ). However, exclusive breastfeeding rates remain lower (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022b ) and early introduction of complementary foods is higher (Chiang et al, 2020 ) among families with low income.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early introduction of complementary foods/drinks and milk feeding type in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

Marks

Boundy

Nakayama

et al. 2023

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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Infants younger than 4 months are not ready for complementary foods/drinks (any solid or liquid other than breast milk or infant formula). Almost half of US infants participate in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), which provides nutrition education and support to low‐income families. We describe the prevalence of early introduction (<4 months) of complementary foods/drinks and examine the association of milk feeding type (fully breastfed, partially breastfed or fully formula fed) with early introduction of complementary foods/drinks. We used data from 3310 families in the longitudinal WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study‐2. We described the prevalence of early introduction of complementary foods/drinks and modeled the association of milk feeding type at Month 1 with early introduction of complementary foods/drinks using multi‐variable logistic regression. Thirty‐eight percent of infants were introduced early to complementary foods/drinks (<4 months). In adjusted models, infants who were fully formula fed or partially breastfed at Month 1 were 75% and 57%, respectively, more likely to be introduced early to complementary foods/drinks compared with fully breastfed infants. Almost two in five infants were given complementary foods/drinks early. Formula feeding at Month 1 was associated with higher odds of early introduction of complementary foods/drinks. There are opportunities to support families participating in WIC to prevent early introduction of complementary foods/drinks and promote child health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early introduction of complementary foods/drinks and milk feeding type in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

Marks

Boundy

Nakayama

et al. 2023

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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“…Moreover, racial and ethnic minorities are overrepresented in WIC because of the aforementioned structural inequities ( 37 , 38 ). WIC has invested significantly in increasing breastfeeding support and has achieved much higher breastfeeding initiation rates, rising from 48.3% in 2002 to 78.5% in 2017 ( 43 ). These rates, however, are lower than eligible non-participants enrolled in Medicaid ( 43 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WIC has invested significantly in increasing breastfeeding support and has achieved much higher breastfeeding initiation rates, rising from 48.3% in 2002 to 78.5% in 2017 ( 43 ). These rates, however, are lower than eligible non-participants enrolled in Medicaid ( 43 ). Previous work has shown that lower food secure WIC participants stop breastfeeding sooner than desired, with Black women stopping sooner because of a need or desire for others to feed their babies, while Hispanic mothers who faced food insecurity stop sooner than desired because they worry about the adequacy of their milk ( 38 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global lessons for strengthening breastfeeding as a key pillar of food security

Tomori

2023

Front. Public Health

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Breastfeeding is identified as a central pillar of food security by the World Health Organization, however globally significant challenges remain in achieving breastfeeding targets for early initiation, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, and continued breastfeeding for 2 years and beyond. Inadequate support in health systems, poor maternity protections and workplace policies, and insufficient regulation of commercial milk formulas, among other barriers, continue to undermine this key pillar across nations. This paper highlights the central importance of breastfeeding for food security across diverse global settings by examining three case studies: Honduras, Pakistan and the USA. The cases highlight the complex layering and intersections of key challenges that threaten breastfeeding in the era of pandemics, the climate crisis, conflict and global inequality. Lessons drawn from these case studies, combined with additional insights, reinforce the importance of multisectorial collaboration to scale up investment in creating equitable, enabling environments for breastfeeding. These structural and systems approaches can successfully strengthen the breastfeeding ecosystem to ensure greater first food system resilience in the face of global crises, which compound maternal and infant vulnerabilities. Additionally, the cases add urgency for greater attention to prioritizing breastfeeding and incorporating IYCF-E protocols into disaster preparedness and management into the policy agenda, as well as ensuring that first food security is considered in energy policy. An integrated approach to policy change is necessary to recognize and strengthen breastfeeding as a pivotal part of ensuring food security across the globe.

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Awareness and Support of Responsive Bottle Feeding Among WIC Counselors and Caregivers: A Formative Qualitative Study

Richardson,

Ventura,

Brewer

et al. 2024

Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior

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Breastfeeding Outcomes Associated With the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children: A Systematic Review

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Early introduction of complementary foods/drinks and milk feeding type in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

Early introduction of complementary foods/drinks and milk feeding type in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

Global lessons for strengthening breastfeeding as a key pillar of food security

Awareness and Support of Responsive Bottle Feeding Among WIC Counselors and Caregivers: A Formative Qualitative Study

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