“…A complicating feature for the diagnosis is that these risk factors often appear in other diseases, making SIBO intertwined with other pathologies among which gastroenterological disorders (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, SBS, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis (Ierardi et al 2016 , Rafiei et al 2018 , Ricci et al 2018 , Fitriakusumah et al 2019 , Ghosh and Jesudian 2019 , Wu et al 2019 , Phyo et al 2021 , Shah 2021 , Feng and Li 2022 , Ghoshal et al 2022 ), and other nongastrointestinal (or indirectly linked) diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease (Kuang et al 2021 , Kowalski and Mulak 2022 ).…”