Breathing Behavior and Superprotonic Conductivity of Two-Dimensional Flexible Metal–Organic Frameworks Tuned with Alkoxy Groups

Abstract

Flexible metal–organic frameworks (FMOFs) exhibit reversible structural transitions (“breathing” behaviors), which can regulate the proton transport passageway effectively. This property offers remarkable advantages for improving the proton conductivity. Our objective of this work is to design a single-variable flexibility synergistic strategy for the fabrication of FMOFs with high conductivity. Herein, four two-dimensional FMOFs, {[Co(4-bpdb)(R-ip)]·xsolvents} n (x = rich, 1–4), have been successfully designed and assembled (4-bpdb = 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene and R-ip = MeO/EtO/n-PrO/n-BuO-isophthalate). Upon the release and/or absorption of different solvent molecules, they display reversible breathing behaviors, thereby resulting in the formation of the partial and complete solvent-free compounds {[Co(4-bpdb)(R-ip)]·ysolvents} n (y = free or poor, 1A–4A). This breathing behavior involves the synergistic self-adaption of the dynamic torsion of alkoxy groups and reversible structural transformation, leading to remarkable changes in cell parameters and void space, as evidenced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, and N2 and CO2 adsorption analyses. At 363 K and 98% relative humidity, 2A exhibits the best proton conductivity among the FMOFs. Its conductivity reaches 4.08 × 10–2 S cm–1 and is one of the highest conductivities shown by reported unmodified MOF-based proton conductors.