Breeding buckwheat for nutritional quality

Abstract

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, CB) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn., TB) are used in human nutrition. The idea to screen in the haploid phase for genes affecting low amylose concentration opens the possibility for the effective search of low amylose (waxy) genotypes in CB populations. Self-pollinated homozygous plants of TB might allow us to use a part of endosperm for screening of amylose content. Phenolic substances have a significant inhibitory effect on the digestion of CB and TB proteins, thus metabolites may have impact on protein digestibility. Digestion-resistant peptides are largely responsible for the bile acid elimination. Breeding to diminish polyphenols and anti-nutritional substances might have negative effects on the resistance of plants against pests, diseases and UV-radiation. Bread and pasta are popular CB and TB dishes. During dough making most of CB or TB rutin is degraded to quercetin by rutin-degrading enzymes. The new trace-rutinosidase TB variety makes possible making TB bread with considerable amount of rutin, preserving the initial rutin from flour. Breeding CB and TB for larger embryos would make it possible to increase protein, rutin, and essential minerals concentration in CB and TB grain.

Treasure from garden: Bioactive compounds of buckwheat

“…Rutin acts as a vital element for the protection of common buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat plants against solar UV radiation, chilling injury, drought, and insects. Extremely high rutin content and activity of rutinoside makes very strong bitterness, which prevents animals to graze the common buckwheat particularly Tartary buckwheat ( Kreft et al, 2020 , Joshi et al, 2020 ). Recently, thirty seven flavonols i.e., syringetin 3- O -hexoside, dihydromyricetin, kaempferol 3- O -robinobioside, kaempferol 3- O -rutinoside, methyl quercetin O -hexoside, quercetin 4′- O -glucoside, kaempferol 3- O -galactoside, quercetin 3-alpha- l -arabinofuranoside, kaempferide, isorhamnetin 5- O -hexoside, dihydroquercetin, isorhamnetin O -hexoside, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, kumatakenin, 3-Hydroxyflavone, myricetin 3- O -galactoside, rutin, isorhamnetin 3- O -neohesperidoside, fustin, kaempferol 3,7-dirhamnoside, quercetin 3- O -glucoside, quercetin 7- O -β- d -Glucuronide, quercetin O -acetylhexoside, kaempferol 3- O -glucoside, kaempferol 3- O -rhamnoside, aromadedrin, kaempferol 7- O -rhamnoside, kaempferol 3,7- O -diglucoside 8-prenyl derivative, laricitrin, morin, syringetin, isorhamnetin, di- O -methylquercetin, 7- O -methxyl quercetin, and 3,7-di- O -methylquercetin were identified from leaves of three varieties of common buckwheat and one variety of Tartary buckwheat ( Li et al, 2019a ).…”

Breeding Buckwheat for Increased Levels of Rutin, Quercetin and Other Bioactive Compounds with Potential Antiviral Effects

“…In addition, a lot of the rutin in common and Tartary buckwheat is stored in the embryo. Therefore, breeding of buckwheat with the aim of producing larger embryos may be a promising strategy for increasing the levels of rutin in common and Tartary buckwheat grain ( Figure 2, Common and Tartary buckwheat grain and leaves are important sources of rutin [6,[26][27][28][29][30] and food products like bread, groats, noodles and pancakes [11]. In humans, products derived from common and Tartary buckwheat grain have been shown to reduce fatigue symptoms, decrease blood cholesterol levels, and improve lung capacity [12,13,[31][32][33].…”

“…In addition, a lot of the rutin in common and Tartary buckwheat is stored in the embryo. Therefore, breeding of buckwheat with the aim of producing larger embryos may be a promising strategy for increasing the levels of rutin in common and Tartary buckwheat grain ( Figure 2, Table 1) [11].…”

Effects of tillage methods on senescence and grain filling characteristics of Tartary buckwheat

“…Tartary buckwheat has remarkable functions of lowering blood sugar, blood pressure, blood lipid and antitumor given its rich content of flavonoids, D-chiral inositol and other substances (Dziedzic et . Therefore, it is often used to treat diseases (Kalinova, Dadakova, 2013;Zhang et al, 2019;Kreft et al, 2020) and is a food crop with great health benefits (Guglielmini et al, 2019). However, at present, the yield of Tartary buckwheat in China is relatively low at approximately 1500-2400 kg ha -1 (Song et al, 2014).…”