Breeding of Quality Protein Maize (QPM)

Bjarnason, M.; Vasal, S. K.

doi:10.1002/9780470650363.ch7

Cited by 72 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Quality protein maize is a genotype with a high frequency of modifier genes, which confer high levels of lysine and tryptophan to the protein. It has similar agronomic characteristics to normal maize (BJARNASON;VASAL, 1992), and it has good characteristics for direct expansion using extrusion-cooking (MARTINEZ-BUSTOS; FIGUEROA; LARIOS, 1996). Moreover, according to Camire, Camire and Krumhar (1990) and Zazueta-Morales et al (2001), snacks can be used as a vehicle to increase nutritional value by incorporating nutrients such as protein and fiber, which have health benefits.…”

Section: Specific Mechanical Energy (Sme)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of extrusion process for production of nutritious pellets

et al. 2012

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A blend of 50% Potato Starch (PS), 35% Quality Protein Maize (QPM), and 15% Soybean Meal (SM) were used in the preparation of expanded pellets utilizing a laboratory extruder with a 1.5 × 20.0 × 100.0 mm die-nozzle. The independent variables analyzed were Barrel Temperature (BT) (75-140 °C) and Feed Moisture (FM) (16-30%). The effect of extrusion variables was investigated in terms of Expansion Index (EI), apparent density (ApD), Penetration Force (PF) and Specific Mechanical Energy (SME), viscosity profiles, DSC, crystallinity by X-ray diffraction, and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The PF decreased from 30 to 4 kgf with the increase of both independent variables (BT and FM). SME was affected only by FM, and decreased with the increase in this variable. The optimal region showed that the maximum EI was found for BT in the range of 123-140 °C and 27-31% for FM, respectively. The extruded pellets obtained from the optimal processing region were probably not completely degraded, as shown in the structural characterization. Acceptable expanded pellets could be produced using a blend of PS, QPM, and SM by extrusion cooking.

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Section: Specific Mechanical Energy (Sme)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of extrusion process for production of nutritious pellets

et al. 2012

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“…The original opaque-2 allele was associated with reduction in yield and poor kernel characteristics (Salamini et al 1970). The opaque-2 mutation was incorporated into maize germplasm with improved agronomic and kernel traits leading to the release of quality protein maize (QPM), which has double the amount of lysine and tryptophan compared to normal endosperm maize (Vasal et al 1980(Vasal et al , 1993aBressani 1991;Bjarnason and Vasal 1992;Pixley and Bjarnason 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic analysis of tropical quality protein maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm

et al. 2017

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Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important source of carbohydrates and protein in the diet in sub-Saharan Africa. The objectives of this study were to (i) estimate general (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) of 13 new quality protein maize (QPM) lines in a diallel under stress and non-stress conditions, (ii) compare observed and predicted performance of QPM hybrids, (iii) characterize genetic diversity among the 13 QPM lines using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and assess the relationship between genetic distance and hybrid performance, and (iv) assess diversity and population structure in 116 new QPM inbred lines as compared to eight older tropical QPM lines and 15 non-QPM lines. The GCA and SCA effects were significant for most traits under optimal conditions, indicating that both additive and non-additive genetic effects were important for inheritance of the traits. Additive genetic effects appeared to govern inheritance of most traits under optimal conditions and across environments. Non-additive genetic effects were more important for inheritance of grain yield but additive effects controlled most agronomic traits under drought stress conditions. Inbred lines CKL08056, CKL07292, and CKL07001 had desirable GCA effects for grain yield across drought stress and non-stress conditions. Prediction efficiency for grain yield was highest under optimal conditions. The classification of 139 inbred lines with 95 SNPs generated six clusters, four of which contained 10 or fewer lines, and 16 lines of mixed co-ancestry. There was good agreement between Neighbor Joining dendrogram and Structure classification. The QPM lines used in the diallel were nearly uniformly spread throughout the dendrogram. There was no relationship between genetic distance and grain yield in either the optimal or stressed environments in this study. The genetic diversity in mid-altitude maize germplasm is ample, and the addition of the QPM germplasm did not increase it measurably.

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“…However, the soft endosperm of this opaque 2 maize variety was susceptible to insect pests and fungal diseases and reduced grain yield at its initial stage which gave the scientists further research assignments [5,16]. In line with this, some researchers in CIMMYT, found modifier genes that restored the desirable hard endosperm in materials containing the recessive Opeque-2 which are agronomically acceptable, tastes like normal maize, yields as much or more of normal maize, and nutritionally enhanced materials later came to be known as QPM [13,14,15].…”

Section: Origin and Production Potential Of Qpmmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Generally, efforts to improve protein quality in maize began in mid-1960s with the discovery of mutants (opaque 2 genes) that produce enhanced levels of lysine and tryptophan [1,4,5,11,12]. Finally, this mutant genes through conventional breeding work by scientists from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) developed a derivative of opaque-2 maize called Quality Protein Maize (QPM) which has hard endosperm, maize variety with similar yield to normal maize and nutritionally enhanced [13,14,15]. Therefore, this study is initiated to review national and international research outputs and come up with some sort of conclusions and recommendations to exploit the potential of quality protein maize as food, feed and industrial raw materials mainly by Ethiopian and other developing countries farmers whose livelihood is dependent largely on maize and feed processors with the following specific objectives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Quality Protein Maize as Food and Feed: In Alleviating Protein Deficiency in Developing Countries

Eshetie¹

2017

AJFN

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Maize is the major food and feed source in most parts of the world. In Ethiopia, it ranks second in area coverage after Teff and first in production. But maize alike other cereals, is deficient in certain essential amino acids like lysine and tryptophan. Therefore, this study is initiated to review the pros and cons of other maize variety called Quality Protein Maize as food, feed and other industrial uses and to suggest recommendations based on the findings. For the purpose, a number of national and international research findings were collected and used. The major lessons from this study indicated that, Quality Protein Maize has got a similar yield potential and disease resistance with normal maize and its biological value is about 80% whereas normal maize has got 40-75%. It has also 90% the biological value of cow's milk with a true digestibility level of 60% which is greater than normal maize. The amino acid profile specially lysine and tryptophan is 2-3 fold higher than normal maize. Feeding of Quality Protein Maize to children in a number of countries indicated that the anthropometric measures are higher for the children fed with Quality Protein Maize than normal maize fed groups and also increased the intelligent quotient. Feeding of Quality Protein Maize to pregnant women showed a significant impact upon the health of the babies and mothers. The impact of Quality Protein Maize feeding to old age people reflected in their relief from gastric and other indigestion ailments. Feeding values of Quality Protein Maize to broiler chicks enhanced growth rate and meat quality. When broiler chicks fed with the combination of Quality Protein Maize and sesame seed meal, it can safely replace synthetic amino acids with better economic advantage than feeding with synthetic amino acids. In the case of layers, feeding of Quality Protein Maize improved age at first egg laying, egg production, and egg quality parameters. The major problems associated to the scaling ups of Quality Protein Maize include limited promotion, insufficient demonstration and poor awareness creation on its quality. On top of these, literally there is no premium price for the production of Quality Protein Maize and there is no special incentives for those producers. Therefore, research results should be properly documented and shared with the respective stakeholders, continuous awareness creation, demonstration and extension activities to producers and consumers should be done so as to use the potential in a proper manner. For effective promotion, back ward linkages and contract farming is also important to ensure sustainable supply of seed. It is also equally important to involve private players for seed production and link them with industries and encourage farmers to use yellow quality protein maize variety to increase the beta carotene contents of the diets.

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Breeding of Quality Protein Maize (QPM)

Cited by 72 publications

References 46 publications

Optimization of extrusion process for production of nutritious pellets

Optimization of extrusion process for production of nutritious pellets

Genetic analysis of tropical quality protein maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm

Review of Quality Protein Maize as Food and Feed: In Alleviating Protein Deficiency in Developing Countries

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