BREIT code: Analytical solution of the balance rate equations for charge-state evolutions of heavy-ion beams in matter

Winckler, N.; Rybalchenko, A.; Shevelko, V. P.; Al-Turany, M.; Kollegger, T.; Stöhlker, Th.

doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2016.11.035

Cited by 23 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The Gamma Factory group has performed dedicated machine studies with partially stripped ion beams allowing to validate and calibrate the software tools used in calculation of the beam lifetime for arbitrary Z, A and the number of left electrons, N e [67].…”

Section: Beam Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

High-luminosity Large Hadron Collider with laser-cooled isoscalar ion beams

Krasny,

Petrenko,

Placzek

2020

Preprint

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The existing CERN accelerator infrastructure is world unique and its research capacity should be fully exploited. In the coming decade its principal modus operandi will be focused on producing intense proton beams, accelerating and colliding them at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with the highest achievable luminosity. This activity should, in our view, be complemented by new initiatives and their feasibility studies targeted on re-using the existing CERN accelerator complex in novel ways that were not conceived when the machines were designed. They should provide attractive, ready-to-implement research options for the forthcoming paradigm-shift phase of the CERN research. This paper presents one of the case studies of the Gamma Factory initiative [1] -a proposal of a new operation scheme of ion beams in the CERN accelerator complex. Its goal is to extend the scope and precision of the LHC-based research by complementing the proton-proton collision programme with the high-luminosity nucleus-nucleus one. Its numerous physics highlights include studies of the exclusive Higgs-boson production in photon-photon collisions and precision measurements of the electroweak (EW) parameters. There are two principal ways to increase the LHC luminosity which do not require an upgrade of the CERN injectors: (1) modification of the beam-collision optics and (2) reduction of the transverse emittance of the colliding beams. The former scheme is employed by the ongoing high-luminosity (HL-LHC) project. The latter one, applicable only to ion beams, is proposed in this paper. It is based on laser cooling of bunches of partially stripped ions at the SPS flat-top energy. For isoscalar calcium beams, which fulfil the present beam-operation constrains and which are particularly attractive for the EW physics, the transverse beam emittance can be reduced by a factor of 5 within the 8 seconds long cooling phase. The predicted nucleon-nucleon luminosity of L N N = 4.2 × 10 34 s −1 cm −2 for collisions of the cooled calcium beams at the LHC top energy is comparable to the levelled luminosity for the HL-LHC proton-proton collisions, but with reduced pile-up background. The scheme proposed in this paper, if confirmed by the future Gamma Factory proof-of-principle experiment, could be implemented at CERN with minor infrastructure investments. † This paper is dedicated to the memory of Evgeny Bessonov, the Gamma Factory group member and our colleague, who passed away recently.

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Section: Beam Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

High-luminosity Large Hadron Collider with laser-cooled isoscalar ion beams

Krasny,

Petrenko,

Placzek

2020

Preprint

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“…It is important to note, that the built‐in cross‐sections of commonly available codes for modeling the charge‐state evolution of ions passing through matter, that is, the GLOBAL, ETACHA, and CHARGE codes, are not applicable to the domain of highly‐relativistic collision‐energies and/or are not capable of treating projectile electrons in all the orbitals occupied by the 28 electrons of Pb 54 + (for further details see ref. [6]). In case of the GLOBAL code, for example, only cross‐section computations for energies of up to 2 GeV u −1 are possible, while the recent version of the CHARGE code is applicable for highly‐relativistic energies, but handles only projectile electrons in the K shell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fortunately, the great interest in partially stripped ions at the upcoming Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany, has recently motivated the development of the balance rate equations of ion transportation (BREIT) code [ 6 ] which provides a plain solver for the balance rate equations between the various charge states during the passage through a target material while the underlying cross‐sections for capture and loss of projectile electrons need to be supplied by the user. This allows to apply dedicated cross‐section predictions tailored to the specific needs of the experiment and to overcome the limitations of the commonly used codes, which have built‐in charge‐exchange cross‐sections covering only a specific parameter range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge‐State Distributions of Highly Charged Lead Ions at Relativistic Collision Energies

et al. 2021

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This study describes the charge‐state evolution of relativistic lead ions passing through a thin aluminum stripper foil. It is motivated by the Gamma Factory project at CERN, where optical laser pulses will be converted into intense gamma‐ray beams with energies up to a few hundred MeV, achieved via excitation of atomic transitions in few‐electron heavy‐ions at highly relativistic velocities. The recently developed BREIT code is employed together with theoretical cross‐sections for single‐electron loss and capture of the projectile ions. All charge‐states starting from Pb54 + up to bare ions are considered at kinetic projectile energies of 4.2 and 5.9 GeV u−1. During recent Gamma Factory beam tests, the calculated preparatory predictions allow to effectively produce Pb80 + and Pb81 + ions from Pb54 + in the transfer beam line between the PS and SPS synchrotron accelerators at CERN and consequently, to store partially stripped ions in the LHC for the very first time. Reasonable agreement is found between the calculations and the very few experimental data available. The study lays the groundwork to optimize the yields of charge states of interest for experiments within the future Gamma Factory project, including the upcoming Gamma Factory Proof‐of‐Principle experiment for which predictions for the production of Pb79 + are presented.

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“…Fortunately, the great interest in partially stripped ions at the upcoming Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt, Germany, has recently motivated the development of the Balance Rate Equations of Ion Transportation (BREIT) code [6] which can be used to calculate charged-state fractions of relativistic ion beams in target foils (see, e.g. [7,8]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge-state distributions of highly charged lead ions at relativistic collision energies

Kröger,

Weber,

Hirlaender

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Presented is a study of the charge-state evolution of relativistic lead ions passing through a thin aluminum stripper foil. It was motivated by the Gamma Factory project at CERN, where optical laser pulses will be converted into intense gamma-ray beams with energies up to a few hundred MeV via excitation of atomic transitions in few-electron heavy-ions at highly relativistic velocities. In this study all charge-states starting from Pb 54+ up to bare ions are considered at kinetic projectile energies of 4.2 and 5.9 GeV/u. To this purpose the BREIT code is employed together with theoretical cross-sections for single-electron loss and capture of the projectile ions. To verify the predicted charge-state evolution, the results are compared to the very few experimental data being available for highly-relativistic lead beams. Reasonable agreement is found, in particular for the yields of Pb 80+ and Pb 81+ ions that were recently measured using an aluminum stripper foil located in the transfer beam line between the PS and SPS synchrotron accelerators at CERN. The present study lays the groundwork to optimize the yields of charge states of interest for experiments within the scientific program of the future Gamma Factory project.

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BREIT code: Analytical solution of the balance rate equations for charge-state evolutions of heavy-ion beams in matter

Cited by 23 publications

References 17 publications

High-luminosity Large Hadron Collider with laser-cooled isoscalar ion beams

High-luminosity Large Hadron Collider with laser-cooled isoscalar ion beams

Charge‐State Distributions of Highly Charged Lead Ions at Relativistic Collision Energies

Charge-state distributions of highly charged lead ions at relativistic collision energies

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