Bridelia speciosa Müll.Arg. Stem bark Extracts as a Potential Biomedicine: From Tropical Western Africa to the Pharmacy Shelf

Abstract

Bridelia species have been used in traditional African medicine for the management of diverse human ailments. In the current work, the detailed phytochemical profiles of the extracts of the stem bark of B. speciosa were evaluated and the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties of the extracts were assessed. The anti-bacterial and anti-mycotic effects of the extracts were evaluated against selected pathogen strains. Additionally, the anti-proliferative effects were studied on the liver cancer HepG2 cell line. Finally, the putative protective effects were assessed on isolated rat liver that was challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results revealed the presence of 36 compounds in the ethyl acetate extract, 44 in the methanol extract, and 38 in the water extract. Overall, the methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity, particularly in LPS-stimulated rat liver. Additionally, this extract exerted the highest antimycotic effect on C. albicans, whereas the water extract showed a promising anti-proliferative effect on liver cancer HepG2 cells. The methanol extract was also the most active as enzyme inhibitor, against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The current study appraises the antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties of B. speciosa methanol extract and showed that this specie could be a promising source of biologically active phytochemicals, with potential health uses. Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/2/128/s1. Supplementary Materials and Methods; CFF-strains. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, C.F. and G.Z.; methodology, G.O.; L.M.; software, L.M.; validation,: C.F.; G.Z.; L.M.; G.O.; formal analysis, C.F.; G.Z.; investigation, K.I.S.; K.B.; S.L.; L.R.; A.C. (Annalisa Chiavaroli); S.V.; P.A.; V.H.; S.C.; R.V.; L.D.L.; A.C. (Alessandro Cama); M.C.N.P.-A.; Z.C.; J.J.; M.F.M.; resources, C.F.; G.O.; L.M.; data curation, C.F.; G.Z.; writing-original draft preparation, M.F.M.; writing-review and editing, C.F., G.Z.; G.O.; L.M.; visualization, L.B.; supervision, L.B.; project administration, C.F.; L.M.; G.O.; G.Z.; funding acquisition, C.F.; G.O.; L.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Phytochemical screening, phenolic determination and antibacterial activity of the extracts of Bridelia scleroneura Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) from Chad

“…According to the results, the barks of B. scleroneura were rich in polyphenols (226.3±0.57 mg GAE/g of dry extract) and tannins (53.34±0.24 g/L) (Table 2). This is quite important than those obtained from the pericarp of the fruit of B. stipularis [13] but almost similar to those obtained from the stem bark of B. speciosa [14] . Phenolic contents from the leaves of B. scleroneura were twice less important than those reported by Cumbane and Munyemana in 2017 from the leaves of B. cathartica (427.53±10.41 mg GAE/g of dry extract) [21] .…”

Water Extract from Inflorescences of Industrial Hemp Futura 75 Variety as a Source of Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Proliferative and Antimycotic Agents: Results from In Silico, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies

“…In this context, it is also sensitive to hypothesize that the anti-proliferative effects displayed by the present extract, against HCT116 cells, could be a consequence of the water extract-induced increase of KA production, in the colon. Regarding the 3-HK, it is also interesting to highlight that its production is increased in isolated liver challenged with LPS [40]. In the same paradigm, this increase was paralleled by a concomitant reduction of DA, whose turnover, measured as DOPAC/DA ratio [37], was also decreased by the hemp water extract, in the colon (Figure 9).…”

Pharmacological Potential and Chemical Characterization of Bridelia ferruginea Benth.—A Native Tropical African Medicinal Plant

“…Nonetheless, relatively good to moderate cholinesterase inhibition was obtained by the other extracts (AChE: 2.39–4.37 mg/g; BChE: 3.15–7.70 mg/g) ( Table 4 ). Other Bridelia species such as B. speciosa have also been reported to act as cholinesterases’ inhibitors [ 34 ].…”

“…The presence of phenols such as 2,2′ oxydiphenol and p-hydroxyphenyl ether were suggested to be the main bioactive compounds accountable for the enzyme inhibition activities [ 49 ]. In furtherance, in a study by Mahomoodally et al [ 34 ], another species of the Bridelia genus, Bridelia speciosa Müll. Arg.…”

“…Specifically, a concentration-dependent (1–200 µg/mL) inhibition of HCT116 cell viability was observed ( Figure 1 ), thus demonstrating an anti-proliferative effect that occurs within the range of biocompatibility yielded by the brine shrimp test. Recently, polar extracts from B. speciosa were found to reduce the viability of liver cancer cells (HepG2) [ 34 ]. The inhibition of cancer cell viability was related, at least in part, to the catechin fraction measured in the extracts.…”