“…Pain memories are fragile and have been shown to be susceptible to manipulation through post-event information (Bruck, Ceci, Francoeur, & Barr, 1995; Chen et al, 1999; Marche et al, 2016; Pickrell et al, 2007). In the context of needle procedures (e.g., lumbar punctures, anesthetic injections, vaccine injections), brief memory reframing interventions that involve discussing past painful events with children in more positive/accurate ways have been shown to reduce pain and distress at future procedures (Bruck et al, 1995; Chen et al, 1999; Noel, McMurtry, Pavlova, & Taddio, 2017; Pickrell et al, 2007). Moreover, a recent experimental study showed that having children recall positive details of a pain memory led to enhanced forgetting of the memory’s negative aspects (Marche et al, 2016).…”