Brief Magnetic Field Exposure Stimulates Doxorubicin Uptake into Breast Cancer Cells in Association with TRPC1 Expression: A Precision Oncology Methodology to Enhance Chemotherapeutic Outcome

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Doxorubicin (DOX) is commonly used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer. Nonetheless, its systemic delivery via intravenous injection and toxicity towards healthy tissues commonly result in a broad range of detrimental side effects. Breast cancer severity was previously shown to be correlated with TRPC1 channel expression that conferred upon it enhanced vulnerability to pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy. PEMF therapy was also previously shown to enhance breast cancer cell vulnerability to DOX in vitro and in vivo that correlated with TRPC1 expression and mitochondrial respiratory rates. Methods: DOX uptake was assessed by measuring its innate autofluorescence within murine 4T1 or human MCF7 breast cancer cells following magnetic exposure. Cellular vulnerability to doxorubicin uptake was assessed by monitoring mitochondrial activity and cellular DNA content. Results: Here, we demonstrate that 10 min of PEMF exposure could augment DOX uptake into 4T1 and MCF7 breast cancer cells. DOX uptake could be increased by TRPC1 overexpression, whereas inhibiting the activity of TRPC1 channels with SKF-96356 or genetic knockdown, precluded DOX uptake. PEMF exposure enhances DOX-mediated killing of breast cancer cells, reducing the IC50 value of DOX by half, whereas muscle cells, representative of collateral tissues, were less sensitive to PEMF-enhanced DOX-mediated cytotoxicity. Vesicular loading of DOX correlated with TRPC1 expression. Conclusions: This study presents a novel TRPC1-mediated mechanism through which PEMF therapy may enhance DOX cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells, paving the way for the development of localized non-invasive PEMF platforms to improve cancer outcomes with lower systemic levels of DOX.