Objective
To evaluate the effects of bilingual exposure on executive function
(EF) skills, measured by parent-rating and performance-based instruments, in
preterm and full term preschoolers.
Patients and methods
Children age 3 to 5 years (mean 4.4) born preterm (PT; n=82) and full
term (FT; n=79) had monolingual (PT-M, n=51; FT-M, n=53) or bilingual (PT-B,
n=31; FT-B, n=26) language exposure. Groups were similar in age, gender and
race but PT children had lower socioeconomic status (SES) than FT children.
Parents completed a language questionnaire and diary and a standardized
parent rating of EF skills. Children completed EF tasks that tap response
inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. ANCOVA and logistic
regression examined effects on EF of birth group (PT/FT), language status
(M/B), and birth group by language status interaction, controlling for age
and SES.
Results
Compared to children born FT, children born PT had significantly
higher parent-rated EF scores and poorer performance on all but one EF task,
both indicating more EF problems. No main effects of language status and no
birth group by language status interactions were significant.
Conclusions
PT status was clearly associated with poorer EF skills, similar to
many other studies. In this sample, bilingual exposure conferred neither an
advantage nor disadvantage in the FT and PT group. This information may
prove useful in counseling families of both PT and FT children about the
impact of bilingual exposure on their children’s cognitive
skills.