Brief Tests such as the Clock Drawing Test or Cognistat Can Be Useful Predictors of Conversion from MCI to Dementia in the Clinical Assessment of Outpatients

Nesset, Magnar; Kersten, Hege; Ulstein, Ingun

doi:10.1159/000363734

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Comparisons between AD patients versus healthy controls found that a combination of reduced performance on the CDT and the MMSE were best in differentiating both MCI and AD patients from controls. In a retrospective, longitudinal analysis of patients with MCI who converted to dementia, Nesst et al [30] examined performance on the MMSE, CDT, and Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (Cognistat). These researchers found that in using these three tests, the combination of impaired CDT and Cognistat test performance was best in predicting conversion to dementia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and Graphomotor Decision Making Assessed with the Digital Clock Drawing Test: The Framingham Heart Study

Piers

Devlin

Ning

et al. 2017

JAD

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and Graphomotor Decision Making Assessed with the Digital Clock Drawing Test: The Framingham Heart Study

Piers

Devlin

Ning

et al. 2017

JAD

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“…Inability to make any reasonable representation of a clock is given a zero score [ 32 ]. These measures have been translated and adapted to Norwegian conditions [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 36-month follow-up of decline in activities of daily living in individuals receiving domiciliary care

et al. 2015

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BackgroundThere have been few studies of how personal and instrumental activities of daily living (P-ADL and I-ADL) develop over time in older people receiving domiciliary care. This study aimed at assessing variables associated with the development of P-ADL and I-ADL functioning over a 36-month follow-up period, with a particular focus on cognitive functioning.MethodIn all, 1001 older people (≥70 years) receiving domiciliary care were included in a longitudinal study with three assessments of P-ADL and I-ADL functioning during 36 months. P-ADL and I-ADL were assessed using the Lawton and Brody’s Physical Self-Maintenance Scale and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, respectively. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), diagnosis of dementia and MCI, neuropsychiatric symptoms and use of psychotropic medication were also evaluated during the three assessments. Baseline demographic and general medical health information and information of being a nursing home resident at follow-up were recorded. Linear mixed models were estimated.ResultsThere was a significant decline in P-ADL and I-ADL functioning throughout the follow-up. A lower MMSE sum-score, diagnosed MCI and dementia, a higher level of neuropsychiatric symptoms and the use of antipsychotics and antidepressants recorded at each assessment were associated with a decline in both P-ADL and I-ADL functioning. Furthermore, a decline in P-ADL and I-ADL functioning at follow-ups was associated with being male, a higher baseline age and in poorer medical health as well as residing in a nursing home at follow-up.ConclusionP-ADL and I-ADL functioning in older people worsened over time. The worsening was associated with lower MMSE sum-score, diagnosed MCI and dementia, poorer medical health, neuropsychiatric symptoms, use of psychotropic medication and being transferred to nursing home care. Clinicians should pay close attention to the assessment and treatment of these factors to help older people maintain their level of functioning for as long as possible.

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“…In line with this study, our study revealed that a higher TBR < 3.9 was correlated with worse performance on TMTA, CDT and cued recall scores. Recent studies con rmed that compared with other neuropsychological tests, cued recall and CDT were thought to be more sensitive in identifying mild cognitive impairment and preferably valuable in predicting conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease [10,15]. Therefore, TBR < 3.9 was associated with cognitive impairment (memory dysfunction, de cits in visuospatial ability, and impaired executive functioning).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between key continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics and specific cognitive domains in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Dong

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived time in range (TIR) is closely associated with micro- and macro-vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was performed to investigate the relationship between key CGM metrics and specific cognitive domains in patients with T2DM. Methods A total of 96 outpatients with T2DM were recruited in this study. A battery of neuropsychological tests was performed to evaluate cognitive function, including memory, executive functioning, visuospatial ability, attention, and language. Participants wore a blinded flash glucose monitor (FGM) for 72 h. The key FGM metrics were calculated, including TIR, time below range (TBR), and time above range (TAR). Furthermore, the glycemia risk index (GRI) was also calculated by the GRI formula. Binary logistic regression was used to assess risk factors for TBR, and we further analyzed the associations between neuropsychological test results and TBR/TAR/TIR/GRI with multiple linear regressions. Results A total of 45.8% of patients with T2DM had hypoglycemia (TBR < 3.9) measured by FGM. The Spearman analysis results revealed that a higher TBR < 3.9 was correlated with worse performance on trail making test A (TMTA), clock drawing test (CDT) and cued recall scores (P < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis results revealed that TMTA (OR = 1.010, P = 0.036) and CDT (OR = 0.429, P = 0.016) scores were independent factors influencing the occurrence of TBR < 3.9. Multiple linear regressions revealed that TBR < 3.9 (β = -0.214, P = 0.033), TAR > 13.9 (β = -0.216, P = 0.030) and TAR 10.1–13.9 (β = 0.206, P = 0.042) were significantly correlated with cued recall scores after adjusting for confounding factors. TIR and GRI had no correlation with neuropsychological test results (P > 0.05). Conclusion A higher TBR < 3.9 and TAR > 13.9 were associated with worse cognitive functions (memory, visuospatial ability, and executive functioning). A higher TAR of 10.1–13.9 was associated with better memory performance. For patients with T2DM, glycemic targets can be relaxed to 10.1–13.9 mmol/L, which may slow the decline in cognitive function.

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Brief Tests such as the Clock Drawing Test or Cognistat Can Be Useful Predictors of Conversion from MCI to Dementia in the Clinical Assessment of Outpatients

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Age and Graphomotor Decision Making Assessed with the Digital Clock Drawing Test: The Framingham Heart Study

Age and Graphomotor Decision Making Assessed with the Digital Clock Drawing Test: The Framingham Heart Study

A 36-month follow-up of decline in activities of daily living in individuals receiving domiciliary care

Relationship between key continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics and specific cognitive domains in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

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