Brief treatment for nighttime fears and co-sleeping problems: A randomized clinical trial

One-Year follow-up effects of a cognitive behavior therapy-based transdiagnostic program for emotional problems in young children: A school-based cluster-randomized controlled trial

“…GEE increases power when the sample size is small and a number of repeated measures are used. It also controls for correlations between responses when individuals are clustered, estimates changes in longitudinal studies and its robust to incomplete data (El Rafihi-Ferreira et al, 2018;Liang and Zeger, 1986). Analyses were adjusted for baseline measure of the outcome, variables that differed among conditions at baseline, age, gender, and clustering within schools.…”

Reducing the Nighttime Fears of Young Children Through a Brief Parent-Delivered Treatment—Effectiveness of the Hungarian Version of Uncle Lightfoot

“…There was, however, no control group in the study of Lewis et al [30] for which the improvement could be measured, thus it would be interesting to include children with high levels of separation anxiety in future Uncle Lightfoot-related controlled trials. In point of fact, in a recent study of Rafihi-Ferreira et al [38], including children who had separation anxiety and coslept with their parents, a brief parent-delivered intervention (CBT-based bibliotherapy plus doll) was superior to a waitlist condition, by reducing sleep problems, co-sleeping, separation anxiety, general anxiety and fears, behavior problems and nighttime fears. Regarding moderator variables, the Uncle Lightfoot intervention was more effective in reducing separation anxiety in children and increasing adaptivity of their nighttime behavior when families spent more time with exposure and relaxation games, which proves the importance of the dose of treatment [21,26].…”

“…There was, however, no control group in the study of Lewis et al [ 30 ] for which the improvement could be measured, thus it would be interesting to include children with high levels of separation anxiety in future Uncle Lightfoot -related controlled trials. In point of fact, in a recent study of Rafihi-Ferreira et al [ 38 ], including children who had separation anxiety and co-slept with their parents, a brief parent-delivered intervention (CBT-based bibliotherapy plus doll) was superior to a waitlist condition, by reducing sleep problems, co-sleeping, separation anxiety, general anxiety and fears, behavior problems and nighttime fears.…”

Research on Alleviating Children’s Nighttime Fear Using a Digital Game

“…The results showed that the majority of children participating in the experiment alleviated their fear at night and fell asleep alone more often. Rafihi-Ferreira et al [16] found that the use of designated reading materials and stuffed dolls representing the protagonists in the books could make it easier for children to immerse themselves in the story and identify with the characters, get through the night without their parents' company but with the protagonists of the stories, and become trained to sleep alone. The results of the research showed that children's fear and insomnia improved through the use of these methods, and the incidence of requests for parental companionship decreased.…”

“…Some studies have also shown that nighttime fear is related to the negative external information that children receive [14,15] and things that easily trigger fear [1]. According to Rafihi-Ferreira et al [16], the objects that children fear at night include separation from others (e.g., fear of the death of their parents), personal safety (e.g., the intrusion of kidnappers and thieves), imaginary creatures (e.g., ghosts and monsters), terrible dreams, darkness, and loneliness. Mooney [17] and Muris et al [3] found that ghosts, monsters, and nightmares are the main things that children aged 4-6 fear at night.…”