Broad Band X-Ray Astronomical Spectroscopy

Serlemitsos, P. J.; Petre, Robert; Gläßer, Cornelia; Birsa, F.

doi:10.1109/tns.1984.4333367

Cited by 35 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Smoothing of grazing-incidence, diamond-turned optics for astronomical telescopes 2,3,4 and synchrotron 5 applications in the x-ray wavelength region has been attempted in the past by using lacquer-based films. For the normal-incidence EUVL optics discussed in this manuscript a polyimide solution is implemented as the smoothing agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoothing of diamond-turned substrates for extreme ultraviolet illuminators

et al. 2004

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Condenser optics in extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) systems are subjected to frequent replacement as they are positioned close to the illumination source, where increased heating and contamination occur. In the case of aspherical condenser elements made by optical figuring/finishing, their replacement can be very expensive (several hundred thousand dollars). One approach to this problem would be to manufacture inexpensive illuminator optics that meet all required specifications and could be replaced at no substantial cost. Diamond-turned metal substrates are a factor of 100 less expensive than conventional aspherical substrates but have insufficient finish, leading to unacceptably low EUV reflectance after multilayer coating. In this work it is shown that, by applying a smoothing film prior to multilayer coating, the high spatial frequency roughness of a diamond-turned metal substrate is reduced from 1.76 to 0.27 nm rms while the figure slope error is maintained at acceptable levels. Metrology tests performed at various stages of the fabrication of the element demonstrated that it satisfied all critical figure and finish specifications as illuminator. Initial experimental results on the stability and performance of the optic under a real EUVL plasma source environment show no accelerated degradation when compared to conventional substrates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoothing of diamond-turned substrates for extreme ultraviolet illuminators

et al. 2004

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“…The Broad Band X-ray Telescope (BBXRT, [138]) was flown on the space shuttle Columbia (STS-35) as part of the ASTRO-1 payload (December 2, 1990 -December 11, 1990). It was designed and built by the Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics at NASA/GSFC.…”

Section: Bbxrtmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Chronological History of X-Ray Astronomy Missions

Santangelo

Madonia

Piraino

2023

Handbook of X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astrophysics

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In this chapter we briefly review the history of X-ray Astronomy through its missions. We follow a temporal development, from the first instruments onboard rockets and balloons to the most recent and complex space missions. We intend to provide the reader with detailed information and references on the many missions and instruments that have contributed to the success of the exploration of the Xray Universe. We have not included missions that are still operating, providing the world-wide community with high quality observations. Specific chapters for these missions are included in a dedicated section of the handbook.

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“…The mirror modules each had 118 nested shells formed from nearly 1000 reflectors of 125 µm-thick aluminum. Each reflector was dipped in acrylic lacquer to provide a 10-µm-thick smooth layer which was then overcoated with 50 nm of evaporated gold to provide response up to 12 keV [36]. The use of the ultra-thin foils resulted in extremely light-weight optical assemblies, with the BBXRT mirror modules weighing just 20 kg each, despite having an effective area of nearly 300 cm 2 at 1 keV.…”

Section: Smentioning

confidence: 99%

X-Ray Optics for Astrophysics: a historical review

Christensen¹,

Ramsey²

2022

Preprint

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Grazing-incidence X-ray optics have revolutionized X-ray astrophysics. The ability to concentrate flux to a tiny detection region provides a dramatic reduction in background and a consequent very large improvement in sensitivity. The X-ray optics also permit use of small-format, high-performance focal plane detectors and, of course, especially for high-angular-resolution optics, provide a wealth of imaging data from extended sources. This review, follows the use of X-ray optics from the first rocket-borne instruments in the 1960s through to the Observatories flying today and being developed for future use. It also includes a brief overview of the challenges of fabricating X-ray optics and the various technologies that have been used to date.

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Broad Band X-Ray Astronomical Spectroscopy

Cited by 35 publications

References 6 publications

Smoothing of diamond-turned substrates for extreme ultraviolet illuminators

Smoothing of diamond-turned substrates for extreme ultraviolet illuminators

A Chronological History of X-Ray Astronomy Missions

X-Ray Optics for Astrophysics: a historical review

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