Broad spectrum effects of secondary metabolites from the red alga<i>delisea pulchra</i>in antifouling assays

Nys, Rocky de; Steinberg, Peter D.; Willemsen, Peter R.; Dworjanyn, Symon A.; Gabelish, Candace L.; King, RJ

doi:10.1080/08927019509378279

Cited by 277 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Their chemistry in D. pulchra and effects on associated benthic organisms have been well characterized (e.g., De Nys et al 1995;Gram et al 1996). To quantify intraclonal variation in furanone concentrations, we collected six structural individuals of D. pulchra in July 2001 from Bare Island (34Њ00ЈS, 151Њ14ЈE), Sydney, Australia.…”

Section: Secondary Metabolite Concentrations In Delisea Pulchramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondary metabolites are important mediators of interactions between macroalgae and associated benthic organisms (Hay 1996), and the ability of halogenated furanones produced by D. pulchra to inhibit epibiotic settlement and herbivory is well documented (De Nys et al 1995). Meristematic lineages in which fouling and tissue consumption impede growth and reproduction should be outcompeted by lineages with greater investment in protection, so selection for meristems expressing optimal levels of chemical defense may strongly influence this trait at various temporal and spatial scales.…”

Section: Selection Among Intraclonal Variantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selection in Modular Organisms: Is Intraclonal Variation in Macroalgae Evolutionarily Important?

Monro

Poore

2004

The American Naturalist

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Section: Secondary Metabolite Concentrations In Delisea Pulchramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selection Among Intraclonal Variantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection in Modular Organisms: Is Intraclonal Variation in Macroalgae Evolutionarily Important?

Monro

Poore

2004

The American Naturalist

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“…Some marine secondary metabolites almost certainly function as antifouling, antimicrobial, or allelopathic agents (Bakus et al, 1986;King, 1986;Pawlik, 1992;Woodin et al, 1993;de Nys et al, 1995;Schmitt et al, 1995), but methodological difficulties have limited development of this area of investigation. Many marine secondary metabolites or crude extracts have been shown to inhibit settlement of fouling organisms, but the ecological interpretation of most of these data are difficult because compounds that are contained in organisms are usually extracted and tested on surface exteriors without showing that fouling organisms would ever contact these compounds on natural surfaces and without running adequate controls for the effects of the oily physical characteristics of some of the extracts.…”

Section: Antifouling Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine chemical ecology: what's known and what's next?

Hay

1996

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

553

375

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In this review, I summarize recent developments in marine chemical ecology and suggest additional studies that should be especially productive. Direct tests in both the field and laboratory show that secondary metabohtes commonly function as defenses against consumers. However, some metabolites also diminish fouling, inhibit competitors or microbial pathogens, and serve as gamete attractants; these alternative functions are less thoroughly investigated. We know little about how consumers perceive secondary metabolites or how ecologically realistic doses of defensive metabolites affect consumer physiology or fitness, as opposed to feeding behavior. Secondary metabolites have direct consequences, but they do not act in isolation from other prey characteristics or from the physical and biological environment in which organisms interact with their natural enemies. This mandates that marine chemical ecology be better integrated into a broader and more complex framework that includes aspects of physiological, population, community, and even ecosystem ecology. Recent advances in this area involve assessing how chemically mediated interactions are affected by physical factors such as flow, desiccation, UV radiation, and nutrient availability, or by biological forces such as the palatability or defenses of neighbors, fouling organisms, or microbial symbionts. Chemical defenses can vary dramatically among geographic regions, habitats, individuals within a local habitat, and within different portions of the same individual. Factors affecting this variance are poorly known, but include physical stresses and induction due to previous attack. Studies are needed to assess which consumers induce prey defenses, how responses vary in environments with differing physical characteristics, and whether the 'induced' responses are a direct response to consumer attack or are a defense against microbial pathogens invading via feeding wounds. Although relatively unstudied, ontogenetic shifts in concentrations and types of defenses occur in marine species, and patterns of larval chemical defenses appear to provide insights into the evolution of complex life cycles and of differing modes of development among marine invertebrates. The chemical ecology of marine microbes is vastly underappreciated even though microbes produce metabohtes that can have devastating indirect effects on non-target organisms (e.g., red tide related fish kills) and significantly affect entire ecosystems. The natural functions of these metabolites are poorly understood, but they appear to deter both consumers and other microbes. Additionally, marine macro-organisms use metabolites from microbial symbionts to deter consumers, subdue prey, and defend their embryos from pathogens. Microbial chemical ecology offers unlimited possibilities for investigators that develop rigorous and more ecologically relevant approaches.

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“…Previously, Granl et ale (1996) had denl0nstrated the use of naturally occun'ing antisignals to interfere with the normal swarnlillg motility of Pseul!onlol111s 11lirabilis, also regulated through hOllloserine lactone. This discovery of anti-quorum-sensing chemicals such as the furanones (de Nys et al, 1995;Givskov et al, 1996) heralds the possibility of preventing adoption by bacteria of the biotilm phenotype, thereby preventing resistance expression, regardless of its cause. Such bacteria ought then to succlunb to old-established antibiotics and biocides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%