“…Solid-state batteries, which are commonly used as an energy source in devices, require frequent and periodic maintenance such as recharging or replacement. Thus, various scavenging methods (harvesting the energy from stray energy sources) have been proposed to provide sustainable energy supplies for small electronic devices [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. For example, piezoelectric energy harvesters from mechanical energy [2], thermal energy harvesters utilizing temperature differences through thermoelectricity or pyroelectricity [11], magnetic energy harvesters utilizing the stray magnetic noise from magneto-electric properties [12], and solar cells using the photovoltaic effect from solar light are areas of focus [13].…”