Broadband Scanning Microwave Microscopy of a Biological Cell with Unprecedented Image Quality and Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Jin, Xin; Farina, Marco; Wang, Xiaopeng; Fabi, Gianluca; Cheng, Xuanhong; Hwang, J.C.M.

doi:10.1109/mwsym.2019.8700966

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…These extra circuit elements complicate broad band measurements with SMM [30], but if not taken into account, can greatly reduce the available signal-to-noise, or lead to significant measurement errors. In fact, at least one group has reported improvements in imaging quality by removing resistive matching elements from a commercial SMM-VNA even though the mismatch was larger [31]. Moving to time domain techniques can resolve these issues [32].…”

Section: Field Considerations For Smmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second type of SMM we will mention in this tutorial is based on microwave illumination of the sample together with a near field antenna, using a focused free space beam of broad bandwidth (or multiple narrow band frequencies) in order to perform direct spectroscopic measurements. A broad band receiver either picks up a small portion of the scattered energy in the far field (either back scattered or scattered in any preferred direction), or the scattered energy can be received by a second near field probe below the sample in transmission mode operation, or even as part of the probe itself [31].…”

Section: B Smm-thzmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the Farina/Hwang team, improvements in resolution, calibration, throughput, and frequency range, quickly followed their initial developments [31], [114], [115], culminating in a real time (more than 2 hour) SMM measurement sequence on living mouse myoblast cells in DMEM (nutrient solution) [116] in 2019 (Figure 8).…”

Section: Smm Applications In Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microwaves Are Everywhere: “SMM: Nano-Microwaves”

Siegel

2021

IEEE J. Microw.

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If the Twentieth Century boasted of the Space Age and the Computer Age, the Twenty-First Century is certainly starting off with the Age of Biology, or at least Biochemistry. The enormous impact of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification), cryo-EM (electron microscopy), and many other nano-techniques in the biosciences is transforming the world in so many ways, not the least of which are the diagnostic tests and vaccines that are helping our global pandemic. Microwaves are huge compared to the likes of optical wavelengths and, at least for the world of bio-spectroscopy, being able to perform and take advantage of standard microwave materials measurements at a cellular (micron) and even molecular (nanometer) scale has been a major impediment to applications for this well-developed electronics technology and instrumentation. In the early part of the 21 st Century, the fields of AFM (atomic force microscopy) and SMM (scanning microwave microscopy) came together and spun off a handful of commercial applications and instruments stimulated by some very clever engineering and bio researchers and partnerships. In this, our fourth tutorial article in our continuing series on the ubiquitous presence and applications of microwaves, we take a look at the origins, instruments, biological applications, and goals for "nano-microwaves" the use of microwaves at nanometer scales.INDEX TERMS Scanning microwave microscopy (SMM-VNA), THz near-field scattering microscopy (SMM-THz), near-field microwave imaging, near-field THz spectroscopy, nano-microwaves.This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.

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Section: Field Considerations For Smmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Smm-thzmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microwaves Are Everywhere: “SMM: Nano-Microwaves”

Siegel

2021

IEEE J. Microw.

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“…We and others [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] have recently used this technique to image the cytoplasm of fixed cells and subcellular organelles. Recently, we demonstrated 22 for the first time capacitive nano-electronic imaging vital isolated mitochondria at 7 GHz.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An ultra-high bandwidth nano-electronic interface to the interior of living cells with integrated fluorescence readout of metabolic activity

Ren

Nemati

Lee

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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We present the first ever broadband, calibrated electrical connection to the inside of a cell. The interior of a vital, living cell contains multiple dynamic and electrically active organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum. However, little is known about the detailed electrical activity inside the cell. Here we show an ultra-high bandwidth nano-electronic interface to the interior of living cells with integrated fluorescence readout of metabolic activity. On-chip/ on-petri dish nanoscale capacitance calibration standards are used to quantify the electronic coupling from bench to cell from DC to 26 GHz (with cell images at 22 GHz). The interaction of static to high frequency electromagnetic fields with the cell constituents induce currents of free charges and local reorganization of linked charges. As such, this enables a direct, calibrated, quantitative, nanoscale electronic interface to the interior of living cells. the interface could have a variety of applications in interfacing life sciences to nano-electronics, including electronic assays of membrane potential dynamics, nano-electronic actuation of cellular activity, and tomographic, nano-radar imaging of the morphology of vital organelles in the cytoplasm, during all phases of the cell life cycle (from development to senescence), under a variety of physiological environments, and under a broad suite of pharmacological manipulations. The interior of a vital, living cell contains multiple dynamic and electrically active organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. However, little is known about the detailed electrical activity inside the cell, in spite of well-recognized significance in biology and medicine. For example, the membrane potential of mitochondria "flickers" with a pattern that depends on organism age in model organisms such as C Elegans 1. Why does the dynamic electronic properties of this organelle relate to aging? In another example, the nano-scale morphology of mitochondria during apoptosis changes in a controversial way during chemotherapy and natural cell death 2. How does the mitochondrial morphology change during programmed cell death (apoptosis) 3,4 ? The key to answering these and other similar questions requires an electronic interface to vital, living cells in order to unlock the scientific mysteries and provide actionable medical treatments for many of the modern maladies plaguing human society such as aging, cancer, diabetes, and neuro-degenerative disorders, all of which are related

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