To begin with, I would like to thank my mother, Geilda Moura, for the support, love, and words of wisdom. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Professor Glaucio Siqueira, for the enthusiasm, personality and guidance without which this journey would have been quite harder. I also would like to thank Professor Marbey Mosso, for many discussions on electromagnetism and life, and also for the valuable advices. I would like to thank Bianca Campinho, for the encouragement and unmeasurable contributions to this work. I am grateful to the professors Cynthia Junqueira, Mauricio Weber and Erich Kemptner for their helpful contributions and many technical suggestions. I would like to thank my lab colleagues and friends Julio Acosta, Yoiz Nuñez, and Johnes Ricardo for all support. I thank PUC-Rio for the scholarship, financial support, and infrastructure granted to me. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for all support.