Bromamine Decomposition Kinetics in Aqueous Solutions

Hua, Lei; Mariñas, Benito J.; Minear, Roger A.

doi:10.1021/es034726h

Cited by 79 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, chloramines do not further oxidize HOI to iodate, and the presence of HOI can cause the formation of highly toxic iodinated or bromo/iodo-DBPs. In addition, the presence of high bromide in desalinated waters produces more reactive substitution agents (e.g., bromamines) (Lei et al, 2004) which produce brominated DBPs and can cause instability of the residual disinfectant in the distribution system. DOC levels in treated surface and ground waters are generally higher than those in seawater RO permeate, since conventional water treatment processes are marginally effective in removing the hydrophilic and neutral NOM (natural organic matter) fractions.…”

Section: Dbp Formation In Blended Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection by-product formation during seawater desalination: A review

2015

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Due to increased freshwater demand across the globe, seawater desalination has become the technology of choice in augmenting water supplies in many parts of the world. The use of chemical disinfection is necessary in desalination plants for pre-treatment to control both biofouling as well as the post-disinfection of desalinated water. Although chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant in desalination plants, its reaction with organic matter produces various disinfection by-products (DBPs) (e.g., trihalomethanes [THMs], haloacetic acids [HAAs], and haloacetonitriles [HANs]), and some DBPs are regulated in many countries due to their potential risks to public health. To reduce the formation of chlorinated DBPs, alternative oxidants (disinfectants) such as chloramines, chlorine dioxide, and ozone can be considered, but they also produce other types of DBPs. In addition, due to high levels of bromide and iodide concentrations in seawater, highly cytotoxic and genotoxic DBP species (i.e., brominated and iodinated DBPs) may form in distribution systems, especially when desalinated water is blended with other source waters having higher levels of organic matter. This article reviews the knowledge accumulated in the last few decades on DBP formation during seawater desalination, and summarizes in detail, the occurrence of DBPs in various thermal and membrane plants involving different desalination processes. The review also identifies the current challenges and future research needs for controlling DBP formation in seawater desalination plants and to reduce the potential toxicity of desalinated water.

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Section: Dbp Formation In Blended Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection by-product formation during seawater desalination: A review

2015

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“…1). In the presence of ammonia, HOBr/OBr -will react rapidly to form monobromamine (Johnson & Overby 1971, Haag & Hoigné 1984, Yang et al 1999, Lei et al 2004. Monobromamine can disproportionate to NHBr 2 and NH 3 (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monobromamine can disproportionate to NHBr 2 and NH 3 (e.g. Lei et al 2004) or with excess HOBr/OBr -it can react further to form N 2 and bromide (e.g. Brunetto et al 1989, Hofman & Andrews 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone treatment of ballast water on the oil tanker S/T Tonsina: chemistry, biology and toxicity

Herwig¹,

Cordell²,

Perrins³

et al. 2006

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Worldwide transfer and introduction of non-indigenous species in ballast water causes significant environmental and economic impact. One way to address this problem is to remove or inactivate organisms that are found in ballast water. In this study, 3 experiments were conducted in Puget Sound, Washington, USA, using a prototype ozone treatment system installed on a commercial oil tanker, the S/T Tonsina. Treatment consisted of ozone gas diffused into a ballast tank for 5 and 10 h. Treatment and control tanks were sampled during the ozonation period for chemistry, culturable bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Selected fish and invertebrates were placed in cages deployed in the treatment and control tanks. Ozone introduced into seawater rapidly converts bromide (Br -) to bromines (HOBr/OBr -), compounds that are disinfectants. These were measured as total residual oxidant (TRO). Ozone treatment inactivated large portions of culturable bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. The highest reductions observed were 99.99% for the culturable bacteria, > 99% for dinoflagellates and 96% for zooplankton. Caged animal results varied among taxa and locations in the ballast tank. Sheepshead minnows and mysid shrimp were most susceptible, shore crabs and amphipods the least. Distribution of ozone in the treatment tank was not homogenous during experiments, as suggested by the observed TRO concentrations and lower efficacies for inactivating the different taxa in selected ballast tank locations. Low concentrations of bromoform, a disinfection byproduct, were found in treated ballast water.

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“…However, the use of chloramination process can lead to the formation of haloacetonitriles and halocetamides, which are more toxic than THMs and HAAs (Huang et al 2012). NH 2 Cl can also react either with Br − or HOBr to form monobromamine (NH 2 Br), bromochloramine (NHClBr) and dibromamine (NHBr 2 ) (Trofe et al 1980;Lei et al 2004). These DBPs induce higher health risks than their similar organo-chlorinated compounds (Uyak and Toroz 2007).…”

Section: By-products From Chloramination Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%