“…The anti-infl ammatory activity of bromelain involves an increase in the fi brinolytic activity, enhancement of plasmin concentration by activation of the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, decrease of the levels of plasma fi brinogen, bradykinin, and prekallikrein (Maurer, 2001), decrease of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), thromboxane A 2 , and substance P levels (Vellini et al, 1986;Gaspani et al, 2002), as well as the modulation of cell surface molecules involved in migration (Fitzhugh et al, 2008) and cellular activation (Hale and Haynes, 1992;Mynott et al, 1999;Hale et al, 2002), and reduction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by inhibing the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-KB) (Bhui et al, 2011). Even though the mechanism of the anti-infl ammatory action of bromelain has not yet been defi nitively elucidated, its proteolytic activity appears to be implicated (Fitzhugh et al, 2008;Hale and Haynes, 1992;Mynott et al, 1999;Hale et al, 2002Hale et al, , 2005.…”