Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR) in the Nordic Environment

Andersson, Hanna; Borgen, Anders; Brorström-Lundén, Eva; Harju, Mikael; Herzke, Dorte; Kaj, Lennart; Norström, Karin; Remberger, Mikael; Schlabach, Martin

doi:10.6027/tn2011-528

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…That the magnitude of the concentrations differs between different WWTPs is expected. Large variations in effluent concentrations have been shown in a screening of Swedish WWTPs (Andersson et al, 2006).…”

Section: Pharmaceuticals In Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceuticals in Municipal Wastewater – Two Case Studies of Uptake in Fish and Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in Aquaria Experiment and In-field Sampling

Waldetoft,

Esfahani,

Viktor

et al. 2023

EREM

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In the receiving areas of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aquatic organisms are threatened by adverse effects due to exposure to pharmaceutical residues. To elucidate the uptake of pharmaceuticals in fish, measurements were made in bile of brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed in aquaria to 100% effluent water and in muscle, liver, kidney, and bile in northern pike (Esox lucius), European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and common rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) from a lake receiving municipal wastewater. Pharmaceuticals were also measured in hepatopancreas of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). In addition to the measurements in fish and crayfish, pharmaceuticals were measured in the effluent, upstream and downstream of the WWTPs. In effluent water, pharmaceuticals were detected in the µg/L range, with the highest concentrations being of commonly prescribed NSAIDs and hypertension drugs, such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, losartan, and metoprolol. However, the differences in concentrations between different sampling occasions were high, indicating a need for repeated sampling to obtain representative average concentrations. Pharmaceuticals in fish samples showed strong tendencies to species and tissue-specific partitioning. Levels of diclofenac in the brown trout bile were within the range of 4–16 µg/g w.w and naproxen within 37–170 ng/g w.w, while for all other pharmaceuticals, they were below detection limits. Several other pharmaceuticals were present in a similar order of magnitude in the effluent as diclofenac, suggesting diclofenac has a strong partitioning to trout bile. In the wild fish, the highest number of detected pharmaceuticals and the highest levels were observed in kidney of pike. Diclofenac in pike kidney was at most 37 ng/g w.w, followed by propranolol (20 ng/g w.w) and losartan (18 ng/g w.w). In crayfish, no pharmaceuticals were detected. The results suggest that the kidney of pike is a suitable tissue for evaluating pharmaceuticals in fish, while hepatopancreas of signal crayfish is not.

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Section: Pharmaceuticals In Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceuticals in Municipal Wastewater – Two Case Studies of Uptake in Fish and Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in Aquaria Experiment and In-field Sampling

Waldetoft,

Esfahani,

Viktor

et al. 2023

EREM

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The range of linear and cyclic VMS found in the atmosphere includes hexamethyldisiloxane (L2), octamethyltrisiloxane (L3), decamethyltetrasiloxane (L4), dodecamethylpentasiloxane (L5), hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) (Figure 1). 1,2,3,4 Based on the pioneering work by Atkinson 5 and Sommerlade et al 6 , the gas-phase reaction with hydroxyl (OH) radicals was for a long time considered to be the only important tropospheric loss process for VMS. This was despite the fact that Atkinson et al 7 had reported L2 reacting 100 times faster with chlorine (Cl) atoms than with OH radicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Room temperature rate coefficients for the reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of volatile methylsiloxanes (L₂‐L₅, D₃‐D₆)

Geetha

Mikoviny

Piel

et al. 2023

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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The kinetics of chlorine (Cl) atom reactions with a series of volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS) including hexamethyldisiloxane (L2), octamethyltrisiloxane (L3), decamethyltetrasiloxane (L4), dodecamethylpentasiloxane (L5), hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were investigated in relative rate experiments at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The experiments were carried out in a 0.2 m3 PFA Teflon chamber, employing proton‐transfer‐reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (PTR‐ToF‐MS) as the chemical‐analytical tool. The following relative and absolute reaction rate coefficients were obtained using isoprene as reference compound (kVMS/kisoprene; kVMS × 1010 cm3 molec−1 s −1): L2 (0.32 ± 0.02; 1.31 ± 0.21), L3 (0.38 ± 0.00; 1.56 ± 0.23), L4 (0.48 ± 0.01; 1.98 ± 0.29), L5 (0.54 ± 0.03; 2.22 ± 0.34), D3 (0.14 ± 0.02; 0.56 ± 0.13), D4 (0.26 ± 0.01; 1.05 ± 0.16), D5 (0.36 ± 0.02; 1.46 ± 0.22), D6 (0.39 ± 0.02; 1.61 ± 0.25). The following relative and absolute reaction rate coefficients were obtained using toluene as reference compound (kVMS/ktoluene; kVMS × 1010 cm3 molec−1 s −1): L2 (1.59 ± 0.18; 0.95 ± 0.14), L3 (2.25 ± 0.14; 1.35 ± 0.16), L4 (2.38 ± 0.01; 1.43 ± 0.14), L5 (3.57 ± 0.11; 2.14 ± 0.22), D3 (0.87 ± 0.01; 0.52 ± 0.05), D4 (1.48 ± 0.12; 0.89 ± 0.11), D5 (2.02 ± 0.15; 1.21 ± 0.15), D6 (2.54 ± 0.11; 1.52 ± 0.17). Our data confirm that reactions with Cl atoms need to be taken into account when assessing the decomposition of VMS in Cl‐rich tropospheric environments.

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A review of the present methods used to remediate soil and water contaminated with organophosphate esters and developmental directions

Zhou,

Wang,

Huang

et al. 2024

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR) in the Nordic Environment

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Pharmaceuticals in Municipal Wastewater – Two Case Studies of Uptake in Fish and Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in Aquaria Experiment and In-field Sampling

Pharmaceuticals in Municipal Wastewater – Two Case Studies of Uptake in Fish and Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in Aquaria Experiment and In-field Sampling

Room temperature rate coefficients for the reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of volatile methylsiloxanes (L₂‐L₅, D₃‐D₆)

A review of the present methods used to remediate soil and water contaminated with organophosphate esters and developmental directions

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Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR) in the Nordic Environment

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Pharmaceuticals in Municipal Wastewater – Two Case Studies of Uptake in Fish and Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in Aquaria Experiment and In-field Sampling

Pharmaceuticals in Municipal Wastewater – Two Case Studies of Uptake in Fish and Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in Aquaria Experiment and In-field Sampling

Room temperature rate coefficients for the reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of volatile methylsiloxanes (L2‐L5, D3‐D6)

A review of the present methods used to remediate soil and water contaminated with organophosphate esters and developmental directions

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Product

Resources

About

Room temperature rate coefficients for the reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of volatile methylsiloxanes (L₂‐L₅, D₃‐D₆)