Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations. A unifying etiological concept

Hemothorax with a High Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Level Caused by a Bronchogenic Cyst

“…Bronchogenic cysts arise from the anomalous budding of the foregut during bronchogenesis (1). Although some bronchogenic cysts are asymptomatic, even these can eventually be life-threatening if they produce compression, infection, hemorrhage or rupture.…”

Retroperitoneal Pulmonary Choristoma in a Newborn Calf

“…It receives its arterial supply from the systemic circulation. 5,7,13 In the literature, it is also reported as an ectopic or accessory lung, 2,5,7,11-13 bronchopulmonary foregut malformation, 7 and extralobar pulmonary sequestration. 1,5,7,10,14 In contrast, the term intralobar pulmonary sequestration is used to indicate a nonfunctioning mass of lung tissue located within a normal lobe and lacking its own visceral pleura.…”

“…5,7,13 In the literature, it is also reported as an ectopic or accessory lung, 2,5,7,11-13 bronchopulmonary foregut malformation, 7 and extralobar pulmonary sequestration. 1,5,7,10,14 In contrast, the term intralobar pulmonary sequestration is used to indicate a nonfunctioning mass of lung tissue located within a normal lobe and lacking its own visceral pleura. 5,10,14 Bronchogenic cysts represent supernumerary lung buds from the primitive foregut, but in contrast to sequestrations, the cysts only rarely contain distal lung parenchyma.…”

“…Choristomas occasionally communicate with the digestive tract, usually the esophagus. 7,10 The content of the dilated alveoli is presumed to be entrapped fetal lung fluid. Physiologically, the fetal lung fluid produced by the lung epithelium moves from the potential air spaces to the upper airways, where it is either swallowed or released into the amniotic fluid.…”

“…2,[6][7][8]11,12 If this accessory lung bud arises early in embryonic life, before the development of the pleura, it is enclosed within an adjacent lung and becomes an intralobar sequestration; if instead this accessory lung bud develops later, when the pleura has already formed, it grows separately from the adjacent lung, is covered with its own pleura, and forms an extralobar sequestration. 7 Therefore, the type of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation depends on the stage of embryologic development at which the accessory tissue arises and the direction in which the aberrant pulmonary tissue grows. 6 Other authors hypothesize that a choristoma originates from ectopic pluripotential cells that develop in the direction of the respiratory tissue.…”