Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Pabst, Reinhard; Tschernig, Thomas

doi:10.1165/rcmb.2010-0152rt

Cited by 57 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…However, the epithelium of the BALT has previously been described to be a flattened respiratory epithelium, with common influx and efflux of lymphocytes, AM and DC [29]. Furthermore, the epithelium of BALT of many mammalian species contains M-cells [30], cells that are specialized for antigen uptake. In mouse models, it has been shown that BALT plays a role in the uptake of multiple bacteria ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa [31], Mycobacterium tuberculosis [32]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Target Cells of Measles Virus after Aerosol Infection of Non-Human Primates

et al. 2011

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Measles virus (MV) is highly infectious, and has long been thought to enter the host by infecting epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. However, epithelial cells do not express signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (CD150), which is the high-affinity cellular receptor for wild-type MV strains. We have generated a new recombinant MV strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), based on a wild-type genotype B3 virus isolate from Khartoum, Sudan (KS). Cynomolgus macaques were infected with a high dose of rMVKSEGFP by aerosol inhalation to ensure that the virus could reach the full range of potential target cells throughout the entire respiratory tract. Animals were euthanized 2, 3, 4 or 5 days post-infection (d.p.i., n = 3 per time point) and infected (EGFP+) cells were identified at all four time points, albeit at low levels 2 and 3 d.p.i. At these earliest time points, MV-infected cells were exclusively detected in the lungs by fluorescence microscopy, histopathology and/or virus isolation from broncho-alveolar lavage cells. On 2 d.p.i., EGFP+ cells were phenotypically typed as large mononuclear cells present in the alveolar lumen or lining the alveolar epithelium. One to two days later, larger clusters of MV-infected cells were detected in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and in the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes. From 4 d.p.i. onward, MV-infected cells were detected in peripheral blood and various lymphoid tissues. In spite of the possibility for the aerosolized virus to infect cells and lymphoid tissues of the upper respiratory tract, MV-infected cells were not detected in either the tonsils or the adenoids until after onset of viremia. These data strongly suggest that in our model MV entered the host at the alveolar level by infecting macrophages or dendritic cells, which traffic the virus to BALT or regional lymph nodes, resulting in local amplification and subsequent systemic dissemination by viremia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Target Cells of Measles Virus after Aerosol Infection of Non-Human Primates

et al. 2011

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“…The upper genital tract and lower respiratory tract resemble the liver and central nervous systems where even commensal bacteria cannot be tolerated. Moreover, in contrast to the gut mucosa, the uterus and lung lack organized lymphoid elements in healthy individuals (44–46). Therefore, the induction of immunity to respiratory and genital tract by pathogens must occur outside of the tissue followed by recruitment of recirculating cells into infected sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Immunity against Chlamydia trachomatis Can Engage Both CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells and Bridge the Respiratory and Genital Mucosae

Nogueira

Zhang

Giovannone

et al. 2015

The Journal of Immunology

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Understanding the cellular populations and mechanisms responsible for overcoming immune compartmentalization is valuable for designing vaccination strategies targeting distal mucosae. In this study we show that the human pathogen, Chlamydia trachomatis, infects the murine respiratory and genital mucosa and that T cells, but not antibodies, elicited through intranasal immunization can protect against a subsequent transcervical challenge. Unlike the genital infection where CD8+ T cells are primed, yet fail to confer protection, we found that intranasal priming engages both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, allowing for protection against genital infection with C. trachomatis. The protection is largely dependent on IFNγ secretion by T cells. Moreover, different chemokine receptors are critical for C. trachomatis-specific CD4+ T cells to home to the lung, rather than the CXCR3 and CCR5-dependent migration observed during genital infection. Overall, this study demonstrates that the cross-mucosa protective immunity against genital C. trachomatis infection following intranasal immunization is not dependent on antibody response but is mediated by not only CD4+ T cells but also CD8+ T cells. This study provides insights for the development of vaccines against mucosal pathogens that threaten reproductive health worldwide.

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“…It was documented that healthy adult humans without pulmonary disease do not have BALT [38]. However BALT was found in children who had died of trauma, and in lung tissues from human fetuses [39]. It has been seen that BALT can be induced by infection in lungs.…”

Section: The Immunological Defense At the Mucosal Surfaces And Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal vaccine delivery: Current state and a pediatric perspective

Shakya

Chowdhury

Tao

et al. 2016

Journal of Controlled Release

127

115

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Most childhood infections occur via the mucosal surfaces, however, parenterally delivered vaccines are unable to induce protective immunity at these surfaces. In contrast, delivery of vaccines via the mucosal routes can allow antigens to interact with the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) to induce both mucosal and systemic immunity. The induced mucosal immunity can neutralize the pathogen on the mucosal surface before it can cause infection. In addition to reinforcing the defense at mucosal surfaces, mucosal vaccination is also expected to be needle-free, which can eliminate pain and the fear of vaccination. Thus, mucosal vaccination is highly appealing, especially for the pediatric population. However, vaccine delivery across mucosal surfaces is challenging because of the different barriers that naturally exist at the various mucosal surfaces to keep the pathogens out. There have been significant developments in delivery systems for mucosal vaccination. In this review we provide an introduction to the MALT, highlight barriers to vaccine delivery at different mucosal surfaces, discuss different approaches that have been investigated for vaccine delivery across mucosal surfaces, and concludes with an assessment of perspectives for mucosal vaccination in the context of the pediatric population.

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Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Cited by 57 publications

References 54 publications

Early Target Cells of Measles Virus after Aerosol Infection of Non-Human Primates

Early Target Cells of Measles Virus after Aerosol Infection of Non-Human Primates

Protective Immunity against Chlamydia trachomatis Can Engage Both CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells and Bridge the Respiratory and Genital Mucosae

Mucosal vaccine delivery: Current state and a pediatric perspective

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