Bronchus‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) and Larynx‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue (LALT) are Found at Different Frequencies in Children, Adolescents and Adults

Hiller, A. S.; Tschernig, Thomas; Kleemann, W. J.; Pabst, Reinhard

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00276.x

Cited by 91 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…BALT is not constitutively present in farm animals and humans, but is very dynamic in these species [45,88]. It has been suggested that this is typical in species with a well developed Waldeyer's ring, while species with little lymphatic tissue at Waldeyer'ring, like mice, rats or rabbits, have constitutively large amounts of BALT [55].…”

Section: Bronchus-associated-lymphoid Tissue (Balt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

MALT structure and function in farm animals

2006

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-Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is defined as an organized lymphoid tissue in the mucosa that samples antigens. The morphological characteristics that distinguish MALT from lymphoid infiltrates are discussed. MALT has been extensively investigated in laboratory animals, while knowledge in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses that are summarized under the term farm animals in this review is fragmentary. Literature data about the distribution, morphology, function and involvement in infectious diseases of MALT in farm animals are described. The understanding of specific features of MALT in other species than laboratory animals is important for comparative research, in order to understand pathological and immunological processes in the respective species and as a potential route of vaccination of mucosal surfaces.

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Section: Bronchus-associated-lymphoid Tissue (Balt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

MALT structure and function in farm animals

2006

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“…In a further series including lungs from adolescents and adults it became obvious that a certain proportion of human lungs contains BALT until the age of 20. As these lungs were obtained during autopsy in the legal medicine department, infection by specific lung pathogens cannot be excluded [23].…”

Section: Balt In the Lung Of Children And Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Is Not Present in the Normal Adult Lung but in Different Diseases

Tschernig

Pabst²

2000

Pathobiology

211

143

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Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) was first described in the lungs of rabbits and differs greatly between species. It is part of the integrated mucosal immune system. This review clarifies its morphological definition and focuses on the situation in humans. The frequency of BALT at different ages, after chronic stimulation and in different diseases is described. In healthy humans, BALT can only be found in the lungs of children and adolescents. The role of BALT in lung transplantation and in the development of low-grade malignant lymphomas in the airways is also discussed. Furthermore, questions concerning the inducibility of BALT as an entry site for vaccines, and the regulation of its activity for future therapeutic interventions in pulmonary immune reactions are addressed.

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“…However, studies in man [1][2][3] and animals [4,5] show that the larynx does contain immunological tissue. A minor part of this has been reported to be present in the form of epithelial follicles (larynx-associated lymphoid tissue: LALT [1]) in an age-and disease-dependent manner [1,6]. However, as with studies of gut [7] and trachea [8], the majority of immunologically active cells appear to be present in a more diffuse, although still organized manner [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The larynx as an immunological organ: immunological architecture in the pig as a large animal model

Barker

Haverson

Stokes

et al. 2005

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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SummaryThe larynx is a mucosal organ positioned at the divergence of the respiratory and digestive tracts. It is exposed to a wide variety of environmental components, including foreign antigens, tobacco smoke, laryngopharyngeal reflux and pollutants. The mucosal immune system generates either active immune responses or tolerance, depending on the nature of the antigen and we hypothesize that the larynx is important organ for immunological decisionmaking in the airway. Because the pig is an ideal large animal model in which to explore laryngological research questions, such as those relating to laryngeal transplantation, we investigated the normal mucosal immunology of the porcine larynx. Pig larynges and tracheae were processed and prepared for bright-field microscopy and quantitative, multiple-colour immunofluorescence histology using pig-specific monoclonal antibodies. There was an abundance of immunologically active cells within the mucosa of the larynx and trachea of both the newborn and adult animal. Specifically, major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II

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Bronchus‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) and Larynx‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue (LALT) are Found at Different Frequencies in Children, Adolescents and Adults

Cited by 91 publications

References 23 publications

MALT structure and function in farm animals

MALT structure and function in farm animals

Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Is Not Present in the Normal Adult Lung but in Different Diseases

The larynx as an immunological organ: immunological architecture in the pig as a large animal model

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