Brood Size Manipulations in the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus): Effects on Offspring and Parent Survival

Dijkstra, Cor; Bult, A; Bijlsma, S; Daan, Serge; Meijer, Theo; Zijlstra, Menno

doi:10.2307/5172

Cited by 408 publications

(276 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Consequently, it seems that females should be able to increase the number of recruits simply by producing more o¡spring, whereas increasing o¡spring size does not bene¢t either the mother or the o¡spring. Based on earlier results, one might expect that litter size enlargement causes a decline in o¡spring quality (Gustafsson & Sutherland 1988;Dijkstra et al 1990). In the current experiment, the mean o¡spring body size was smaller in litter size enlargement groups at weaning, but the di¡erence did not persist to the following spring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clutch size manipulations in birds have long been the prevailing method of studying the consequences of this trade-o¡ (Godfray et al 1991). In most cases, experimentally enlarged brood (litter) sizes have not been found to increase the number of o¡spring surviving to independence (Pettifor 1993;Mappes et al 1995;Koskela 1998), but rather to reduce it (Gustafsson & Sutherland 1988;Dijkstra et al 1990). However, in some cases o¡spring quality seems to increase with enlarged clutch size (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal allocation of reproductive effort: manipulation of offspring number and size in the bank vole

Oksanen

Jönsson

Koskela

et al. 2001

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The number of o¡spring attaining reproductive age is an important measure of an individual's ¢tness. However, reproductive success is generally constrained by a trade-o¡ between o¡spring number and quality. We conducted a factorial experiment in order to study the e¡ects of an arti¢cial enlargement of o¡spring number and size on the reproductive success of female bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). We also studied the e¡ects of the manipulations on growth, survival and reproductive success of the o¡spring. Potentially confounding e¡ects of varying maternal quality were avoided by cross-fostering. Our results showed that the number of o¡spring alive in the next breeding season was higher in o¡spring number manipulation groups, despite their smaller body size at weaning. O¡spring size manipulation had no e¡ect on o¡spring growth or survival. Further, the ¢rst litter size of female o¡spring did not di¡er between treatments. In conclusion, females may be able to increase the number of o¡spring reaching reproductive age by producing larger litters, whereas increasing o¡spring size bene¢ts neither the mother nor the o¡spring.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal allocation of reproductive effort: manipulation of offspring number and size in the bank vole

Oksanen

Jönsson

Koskela

et al. 2001

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…Inadequate care can reduce reproductive success (e.g. Wright & Cuthill 1989;Dijkstra et al 1990;Martins & Wright 1993;Pettifor 1993); failure to allocate enough energy to self-maintenance can impair survival (e.g. Nur 1984;Partridge 1989;Dijkstra et al 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wright & Cuthill 1989;Dijkstra et al 1990;Martins & Wright 1993;Pettifor 1993); failure to allocate enough energy to self-maintenance can impair survival (e.g. Nur 1984;Partridge 1989;Dijkstra et al 1990). With an upper limit to sustained daily energy expenditure (DEE) of 4-7 times basal metabolic rate (BMR) (Drent & Daan 1980;Bryant & Tatner 1990), optimal allocation of energy between the two demands will be important, especially at low food availability (affecting energy intake) and/or unfavourable climatic conditions (affecting energy expenditure).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and energetic consequences of nest location and breeding times in Water Pipits (Anthus spinoletta)

Rauter

Reyer

2000

J Ornithol

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Thermal and energetic consequences of nest location and breeding times in Water Pipits (Anthus spinoletta)Rauter, C; Reyer, H U Rauter, C; Reyer, H U. Thermal and energetic consequences of nest location and breeding times in Water Pipits (Anthus spinoletta). J. Ornithol. 2000, 141:391-407. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.unizh.chPosted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. http://www.zora.unizh.chOriginally published at: J. Ornithol. 2000, 141:391-407 Thermal and energetic consequences of nest location and breeding times in Water Pipits (Anthus spinoletta) AbstractThe thermal environment has pronounced effects on the energy costs of thermoregulation and affects an animal's allocation of energy to self-maintenance and parental care. Consequently, the selection of reproductive periods, breeding habitats and nest-sites with a favourable microclimate can be advantageous, especially for birds breeding in harsh environments. In this study on Alpine Water Pipits (Anthus spinoletta), we evaluate the importance of spatial and temporal factors on thermoregulatory costs by combining laboratory measurements of metabolic rates under various temperatures with standard operative temperatures (Te~) recorded in the field in different microhabitats. Using these measurements we estimate the thermal and energetic consequences of nest locality and timing of reproduction. Our results show: (1) In the morning, Te~ values were much higher on the east-north-east (ENE) slope of a valley than on the west-south-west (WSW) slope; in the afternoon this pattern was reversed. As a consequence, energy costs (Ehour) for thermoregulation on the ENE slope were up to 0.6 RMR (resting metabolic rate at night) lower than on the WSW slope during morning hours and about 0.8 RMR higher during afternoon hours. (2) During the incubation and nestling phases of first and second broods, total energy expenditure for thermoregulation in the daytime (Edaytime) was 0.2-0.3 RMR higher on the ENE slope than on the WSW slope. (3) Within slopes, Edaytime was lower during second broods than during first broods, with differences of 0.06-0.07 RMR during incubation and of 0.32 RMR during nestling care. These differences correspond to the flying costs of females incubating eggs (0.09 RMR) and rearing nestlings (0.25 RMR). We conclude that nest placement in relation to microclimate can improve the female's energy budget, both in terms of the total daily expenditure and its diurnal pattern. From thermal considerations alone, delaying breeding into mid-summer would be advantageous, but this advantage is probably outweighed by the reduced chances for second and replacement clutches and by the necessity to complete moult before migration.

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“…Roulin this volume) and nestlings low in the size hierarchy of a brood may passively endure starvation (M. Konarzewski personal communication). Brood enlargement experiments often show enhanced offspring production (Linden & Møller 1989;Dijkstra et al 1990) and reduced survival or future fecundity in parents (Dijkstra et al 1990;Cucco & Malacarne 1995;Jacobsen et al 1995). Sometimes, however, adults appear to rear larger broods without adverse effects (Ydenberg & Bertram 1989;Congdon 1990 Figure 1.…”

Section: Food Requirement and Parental Provisioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sibling Competition and the Evolution of Brood Size and Development Rate in Birds

Ricklefs

2002

The Evolution of Begging

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Parents and their offspring may come into conflict over both the level of food provisioning to the brood and the distribution of food among nestlings within a brood. Sibling competition within a brood favours nestlings whose rapid development increases their competitive status. This may in turn reduce the overall fitness of parents by increasing the food requirements of individual nestlings. Parents can reduce conflict with their offspring by reducing the number of young in each brood and by hatching their eggs asynchronously, so that competitive status is determined by age and not by growth rate. Under these circumstances, benefits of slow development, possibly including a more responsive immune system or delayed senescence, may also result in slower growth and reduced food requirements of nestlings. Future studies of parentoffspring relationships should include evolutionary responses to competition between siblings and parental mechanisms for controlling these responses.

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Brood Size Manipulations in the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus): Effects on Offspring and Parent Survival

Abstract: Brood size manipulations in the kestrel (Falco Tinnunculus) Dijkstra, C.; Bult, A.; Bijlsma, S.; Daan, S.; Meijer, T.; Zijlstra, M.

Cited by 408 publications

References 51 publications

Optimal allocation of reproductive effort: manipulation of offspring number and size in the bank vole

Optimal allocation of reproductive effort: manipulation of offspring number and size in the bank vole

Thermal and energetic consequences of nest location and breeding times in Water Pipits (Anthus spinoletta)

Sibling Competition and the Evolution of Brood Size and Development Rate in Birds

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