Brown and Black Carbon Emitted by a Marine Engine Operated on Heavy Fuel Oil and Distillate Fuels: Optical Properties, Size Distributions, and Emission Factors

Corbin, Joel C.; Pieber, Simone M.; Czech, Hendryk; Zanatta, Marco; Jakobi, Gert; Massabò, Dario; Orasche, Jürgen; Haddad, Imad El; Mensah, A. A.; Scheibe, Benjamin; Drinovec, Luka; Močnik, Griša; Zimmermann, Ralf; Prévôt, Andrê S. H.; Gysel, M.

doi:10.1029/2017jd027818

Cited by 79 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…In addition to the characterization of the particle optical properties detailed in the next section, a set of online and offline techniques were used for the characterization of the gaseous and particulate emissions before and after aging. The nonrefractory particle size-segregated chemical composition was measured with a high-resolution (HR) timeof-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) (DeCarlo et al, 2006). Uncertainties related to particle collection efficiency in the AMS are considered negligible for the relatively large particles sampled here, which in terms of volume are within the size range transmitted efficiently by the AMS aerodynamic lens (Liu et al, 2007).…”

Section: Smog Chamber Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of particulate brown carbon during atmospheric aging of residential wood-burning emissions

et al. 2018

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Abstract. We investigate the optical properties of light-absorbing organic carbon (brown carbon) from domestic wood combustion as a function of simulated atmospheric aging. At shorter wavelengths (370–470 nm), light absorption by brown carbon from primary organic aerosol (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during aging was around 10 % and 20 %, respectively, of the total aerosol absorption (brown carbon plus black carbon). The mass absorption cross section (MAC) determined for black carbon (BC, 13.7 m2 g−1 at 370 nm, with geometric standard deviation GSD =1.1) was consistent with that recommended by Bond et al. (2006). The corresponding MAC of POA (5.5 m2 g−1; GSD =1.2) was higher than that of SOA (2.4 m2 g−1; GSD =1.3) at 370 nm. However, SOA presents a substantial mass fraction, with a measured average SOA ∕ POA mass ratio after aging of ∼5 and therefore contributes significantly to the overall light absorption, highlighting the importance of wood-combustion SOA as a source of atmospheric brown carbon. The wavelength dependence of POA and SOA light absorption between 370 and 660 nm is well described with absorption Ångström exponents of 4.6 and 5.6, respectively. UV-visible absorbance measurements of water and methanol-extracted OA were also performed, showing that the majority of the light-absorbing OA is water insoluble even after aging.

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Section: Smog Chamber Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of particulate brown carbon during atmospheric aging of residential wood-burning emissions

et al. 2018

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“…Recent work has highlighted another, brown-colored form of light-absorbing, carbonaceous PM (LAC) with unknown chemical composition. 4,6 This non-BC LAC was treated in those works as "soluble brown carbon" (soluble brC) in the conventional [7][8][9] sense: a complex, liquid-like mixture of light-absorbing organic molecules that are volatilizable, miscible with non-light absorbing PM components such as organic aerosol, and soluble in common organic solvents. These properties imply a number of physical consequences, such as optical properties (and climate impacts) governed by internal mixing with non-absorbing PM, 10 and justify the use of solvent extraction as a standard technique for studying brC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared-absorbing carbonaceous tar can dominate light absorption by marine-engine exhaust

et al. 2019

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Ship engines in the open ocean and Arctic typically combust heavy fuel oil (HFO), resulting in light-absorbing particulate matter (PM) emissions that have been attributed to black carbon (BC) and conventional, soluble brown carbon (brC). We show here that neither BC nor soluble brC is the major light-absorbing carbon (LAC) species in HFO-combustion PM. Instead, "tar brC" dominates. This tar brC, previously identified only in open-biomass-burning emissions, shares key defining properties with BC: it is insoluble, refractory, and substantially absorbs visible and near-infrared light. Relative to BC, tar brC has a higher Angstrom absorption exponent (AAE) (2.5-6, depending on the considered wavelengths), a moderately-high mass absorption efficiency (up to 50% of that of BC), and a lower ratio of sp 2-to sp 3-bonded carbon. Based on our results, we present a refined classification of atmospheric LAC into two sub-types of BC and two sub-types of brC. We apply this refined classification to demonstrate that common analytical techniques for BC must be interpreted with care when applied to tar-containing aerosols. The global significance of our results is indicated by field observations which suggest that tar brC already contributes to Arctic snow darkening, an effect which may be magnified over upcoming decades as Arctic shipping continues to intensify.

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“…The absolute absence of the large BC particles in the older plumes might be explained by their extremely scarce number abundance, which, especially after dilution, makes their sampling probability very low. Although previous in situ observations did not report a second peak at larger D rBC (Buffaloe et al, 2014), recent laboratory tests (Corbin et al, 2018) confirmed that vessel engines running on heavy fuel oil emit large BC cores. Under such conditions, the rBC size volume distribution is bimodal, with geometric mean of the smaller and larger peak of 150 nm and 640 nm respectively.…”

Section: Ship Emissions In the Arkona Basinmentioning

confidence: 82%

Airborne survey of trace gases and aerosols over the Southern Baltic Sea: from clean marine boundary layer to shipping corridor effect

Zanatta¹,

Bozem²,

Köllner³

et al. 2020

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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The influence of shipping on air quality over the Southern Baltic Sea was investigated by characterizing the horizontal and vertical distribution of aerosols and trace gases using airborne measurements in the summer of 2015. Generally, continental and anthropogenic emissions affected the vertical distribution of atmospheric pollutants, leading to pronounced stratification in and above the marine boundary layer and controlling the aerosol extinction. Marine traffic along the shipping corridor "Kadet Fairway" in the Arkona Basin is shown to influence the presence and properties of both trace gases and aerosol particles in the lowest atmospheric layer. Total particle number concentration and NO y mixing ratio increased in the corridor plumes, relative to background, by a factor 1.55 and 3.45, respectively. Titration, triggered by the enhanced presence of nitrogen compounds, led to a median ozone depletion of 19% in the corridor plumes. The enforcement of the Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA) might be responsible for the minor sulphur dioxide increase (20%) in the corridor plumes. Ship traffic caused a minor enhancement of black carbon mass concentration, estimated to be around 10%. The study of individual ship plumes indicated that ship emitted aerosol was substantially different from background aerosol: fresh ship exhaust was preferentially enriched in aerosol particles with diameters below 100 nm and in black carbon particles with core diameters above 300-400 nm. With the present work the impact of marine traffic on the concentration and properties of atmospheric components within the marine boundary layer over the open water of the Southern Baltic Sea is assessed with airborne observations for the first time. Due to the high uncertainty affecting the estimations of ship emissions, this dataset represents a valuable reference for the assessment of ship emission inventories and related environmental-climatic impacts on the Southern Baltic Sea.

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Brown and Black Carbon Emitted by a Marine Engine Operated on Heavy Fuel Oil and Distillate Fuels: Optical Properties, Size Distributions, and Emission Factors

Cited by 79 publications

References 91 publications

Production of particulate brown carbon during atmospheric aging of residential wood-burning emissions

Production of particulate brown carbon during atmospheric aging of residential wood-burning emissions

Infrared-absorbing carbonaceous tar can dominate light absorption by marine-engine exhaust

Airborne survey of trace gases and aerosols over the Southern Baltic Sea: from clean marine boundary layer to shipping corridor effect

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