Brucellosis and International Travel

Memish, Ziad A.; Balkhy, Hanan H.

doi:10.2310/7060.2004.13551

Cited by 156 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Brucella spp. persist for several days in milk (even when it turns sour) and is known to flourish in soft fresh small ruminant cheese [6,51]. It may also persist for weeks in ice cream and months in butter.…”

Section: Food-borne Occupational Exposure and Travel-healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It may also persist for weeks in ice cream and months in butter. Therefore, these products always have to be made from pasteurized milk [51]. For those travellers who may have contact with live or dead animals, infection may be transmitted via direct contact or aerosol.…”

Section: Food-borne Occupational Exposure and Travel-healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also worthy remembering that Brucella spp. can survive in the soil as well as in tap water for several weeks [51].…”

Section: Food-borne Occupational Exposure and Travel-healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, although the most appropriate antibiotic combination is not known, other reports suggest that the combination of doxycline and an aminoglycoside is probably best and the addition of rifampicin may be a reasonnable option [9,55]. There is no consensus with regards to the best therapeutic regimen for chronic brucellosis in adults, simple or complicated brucellosis in children under 7 years of age and surgical management is only indicated in special cases [9,51,55,68,76,77]. Moreover, the long duration and high cost of treatment of human brucellosis reduce the efficacy of the therapy [68,76,77].…”

Section: Food-borne Occupational Exposure and Travel-healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From the discovery of the Malta fever?s agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis

et al. 2005

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-Brucellosis is not a sustainable disease in humans. The source of human infection always resides in domestic or wild animal reservoirs. The routes of infection are multiple: foodborne, occupational or recreational, linked to travel and even to bioterrorism. New Brucella strains or species may emerge and existing Brucella species adapt to changing social, cultural, travel and agricultural environment. Brucella melitensis is the most important zoonotic agent, followed by Brucella abortus and Brucella suis. This correlates with the fact that worldwide, the control of bovine brucellosis (due to B. abortus) has been achieved to a greater extent than the control of sheep and goat brucellosis (due to B. melitensis), these latter species being the most important domestic animals in many developing countries. The long duration and high cost of treatment of human brucellosis reduces the efficacy of the therapy. There is no human vaccine for brucellosis and the occurrence of brucellosis is directly linked to the status of animal brucellosis in a region. In this context, the Word Health Organization has defined the development of a human vaccine, besides the implementation of control and eradication programs in animals, as a high priority. The pathogenicity for humans of B. suis biovars 1, 3 and 4 is well established, whereas B. suis biovar 2 seems to be less pathogenic. Indeed, although hunters and pig farmers have repeatably experienced infectious contact with B. suis biovar 2 (found in wild boar and outdoor-rearing pigs in Europe), isolation of B. suis biovar 2 from human samples have only been seldom reported. Marine mammal brucellosis, due to two new proposed Brucella species i.e. B. cetaceae and B. pinnipediae, represents a new zoonotic threat but the pathogenicity for humans of the different Brucella species found in cetaceans and pinnipeds still has to be clearly established.Brucella / animal and human brucellosis / zoonoses / domestic and wildlife reservoir

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Section: Food-borne Occupational Exposure and Travel-healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Food-borne Occupational Exposure and Travel-healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also worthy remembering that Brucella spp. can survive in the soil as well as in tap water for several weeks [51].…”

Section: Food-borne Occupational Exposure and Travel-healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Food-borne Occupational Exposure and Travel-healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

From the discovery of the Malta fever?s agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis

et al. 2005

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“…It is endemic in several regions where animal brucellosis is prevalent and is estimated to be the major bacterial zoonosis worldwide. Malta fever is demanding to treat with antibiotics, and there are no vaccines for humans that prevent infection (Memish and Balkhy 2004;Young 2005;Pappas et al 2006;Ariza et al 2007;Pappas 2010). It is transmitted by contact with infected animals, most often goats, sheep, or camels infected with B. melitensis, cattle infected with B. abortus, or swine infected with B. suis.…”

Section: Bartonella and Brucella: Closely Related Pathogens With Distmentioning

confidence: 99%