Brucellosis in India: An overeview

Abstract

Brucellosis is one of the most important and widespread zoonotic disease in the world. Animals may transmit Brucella organisms during septic abortion, during slaughter, and through their milk. Brucellosis is rarely transmitted from person to person. The incidence of brucellosis in human is closely tied to the prevalence of infection in animals, and to practices that allow exposure of humans to potentially infected animals or their products. B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, B. canis, and marine mammal Brucella species are human pathogens. Brucellae can enter mammalian hosts through skin abrasions or cuts, the conjunctiva, the respiratory tract, and the gastrointestinal tract. Bison, elk, reindeer and caribou can be infected with Brucella spp., but their role in transmission of the infections to livestock remains under debate. The uncomplicated cases should be treated with doxycycline, streptomycin and rifampicin. Mass vaccination is crucial for the control and eradication of bovine, ovine and caprine brucellosis. Complementary measures that may need to consideration like improved farm hygiene, restriction and control of trade and movement of animals, testing of animals and isolation and removal of infected animals.

Automated Detection and Classification of Cervical Cancer Using Pap Smear Microscopic Images: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives

“…In this, the author initiate the clustering process by generating random numbers for each of the red, green, and blue channels. [41] The membership value of generated random numbers is compared with the center of the cluster and nucleus, cytoplasm, and background region are classified. Cluster validity measures such as partition coefficient, partition entropy, compactness and separation validity function are used for cell segmentation.…”

“…The compactness and separation validity function are identified by taking the ratio of average distance to their corresponding cluster centers and the minimum distance between cluster centers. [41] Segmentation of the region of the nucleus of cell images is done using the "Fuzzy C Means" clustering algorithm [37][38][39][40][41] because it can cluster data with uncertainty. The most fundamental issue in the bio-medical area is image segmentation.…”

“…The region-based active contour model [42,43] uses quantitative measures in and around the contour to control the progress of the curve. Chan Vese model [41][42][43] shows good results for appropriate segmentation of cell images as cervical cell possess homogeneous nature of pixel intensity distribution. Computational time is reduced by keeping the initial contour near the object boundaries.…”