Brushfield Spots and Wolfflin Nodules in the Iris: An Appraisal in Handicapped Children

Williams, Renee

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1981.tb02047.x

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Wolfflin nodules are small (0.1–0.2 mm) circular lesions that are distributed uniformly along the outer border of the ciliary zone [ 7 , 21 ]. They primarily comprise atrophied collagen from the anterior-border and stromal layers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in one study of 123 brown-eyed East Asian children, Wolfflin nodules were absent from all participants [ 34 ]. Much attention has been devoted to Wolfflin nodules during the past 50 years due to their structural similarity to Brushfield spots, an iris feature found in 85–90% of Down’s syndrome patients [ 7 , 35 ]. Although the genetic basis of Brushfield spots remains largely unknown, they closely resemble Wolfflin nodules and also appear to be restricted to individuals with light-coloured eyes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fuch’s crypts are diamond-shaped lacunae in the anterior-border layer of the iris, which first arise during the reabsorption of the pupillary membrane [ 6 ]. Wolfflin nodules are small bundles of collagen that accumulate along the outer edge of the iris [ 7 , 8 ]. Pigment spots are small regions of hyper-pigmentation in the anterior-border layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of iris surface features in populations of diverse ancestry

Edwards¹,

Cha²,

Krithika³

et al. 2016

R. Soc. open sci.

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There are many textural elements that can be found in the human eye, including Fuchs’ crypts, Wolfflin nodules, pigment spots, contraction furrows and conjunctival melanosis. Although iris surface features have been well-studied in populations of European ancestry, the worldwide distribution of these traits is poorly understood. In this paper, we develop a new method of characterizing iris features from photographs of the iris. We then apply this method to a diverse sample of East Asian, European and South Asian ancestry. All five iris features showed significant differences in frequency between the three populations, indicating that iris features are largely population dependent. Although none of the features were correlated with each other in the East and South Asian groups, Fuchs’ crypts were significantly correlated with contraction furrows and pigment spots and contraction furrows were significantly associated with pigment spots in the European group. The genetic marker SEMA3A rs10235789 was significantly associated with Fuchs’ crypt grade in the European, East Asian and South Asian samples and a borderline association between TRAF3IP1 rs3739070 and contraction furrow grade was found in the European sample. The study of iris surface features in diverse populations may provide valuable information of forensic, biomedical and ophthalmological interest.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of iris surface features in populations of diverse ancestry

Edwards¹,

Cha²,

Krithika³

et al. 2016

R. Soc. open sci.

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“…They may deform the stromal layer (nevi) or may appear as freckles (Rennie, 2012). Wolfflin nodules are circular small whitish-orange collagen deposits distributed on the outer border of the iris (Williams, 1981). Lastly, contraction furrows result from expansion and contraction of pupil forming rings that cover the outer boundary of the iris (Eagle Jr, 1988) (Fig.…”

Section: O N L I N E F I R S T a R T I C L Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Phenotypic Diversity of Human Iris Features and Skin Color in Punjabi and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Population of Pakistan

Bashir¹

2024

PJZ

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“…Sometimes the iris contains circular contraction furrows in the outer region caused by wrinkling due to changes in pupil size. 4 It also contains many variations in pigments caused by differences in melanin types, dark pigment spots, 5 bright collagen spots (Wolfflin nodules 6 ), thin-layered gaps (Fuchs crypts 7 ), and sometimes brownish pigment spots surrounding the limbus (conjunctival melanosis 8 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Irissometry: Effects of Pupil Size on Iris Elasticity Measured With Video-Based Feature Tracking

Strauch

Naber

2022

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose It is unclear how the iris deforms during changes in pupil size. Here, we report an application of a multi-feature iris tracking method, which we call irissometry, to investigate how the iris deforms and affects the eye position signal as a function of pupil size. Methods To evoke pupillary responses, we repeatedly presented visual and auditory stimuli to healthy participants while we additionally recorded their right eye with a macro lens–equipped camera. We tracked changes in iris surface structure between the pupil and sclera border (limbus) by calculating local densities (distance between feature points) across evenly spaced annular iris regions. Results The time analysis of densities showed that the inner regions of the iris stretched more strongly as compared with the outer regions of the iris during pupil constrictions. The pattern of iris densities across eccentricities and pupil size showed highly similar patterns across participants, highlighting the robustness of this elastic property. Importantly, iris-based eye position detection led to more stable signals than pupil-based detection. Conclusions The iris regions near the pupil appear to be more elastic than the outer regions near the sclera. This elastic property explains the instability of the pupil border and the related position errors induced by eye movement and pupil size in pupil-based eye-tracking. Tracking features in the iris produce more robust eye position signals. We expect that irissometry may pave the way to novel eye trackers and diagnostic tools in ophthalmology.

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Brushfield Spots and Wolfflin Nodules in the Iris: An Appraisal in Handicapped Children

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Analysis of iris surface features in populations of diverse ancestry

Analysis of iris surface features in populations of diverse ancestry

Exploring Phenotypic Diversity of Human Iris Features and Skin Color in Punjabi and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Population of Pakistan

Irissometry: Effects of Pupil Size on Iris Elasticity Measured With Video-Based Feature Tracking

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