Bryozoan metabolites: an ecological perspective

Sharp, Jasmine H.; Winson, Michael K.; Porter, Joanne S.

doi:10.1039/b617546e

Cited by 101 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…It is now widely accepted that defensive mechanisms displayed by sessile marine invertebrates can either be structural or chemical (Dyrynda 1986;Peters et al 2003;Sharp et al 2007). Possible defensive mechanisms displayed by avicularia may therefore be of a mechanical (the physical entrapment of organisms) or chemical (secretion of bioactive compounds) nature, or even both.…”

Section: Anatomical Disparities In the Vestigial Polypide Of Confamilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphism and vestigiality: comparative anatomy and morphology of bryozoan avicularia

2010

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Avicularia are polymorphic zooids characteristic of cheilostome bryozoans. Avicularia are assumed to have a defensive role yet ascertaining the presence of sensory structures to support this theory has been overlooked. We examine palatal morphology of the avicularia from five species of cheilostome bryozoans and compare the ultrastructural anatomy of the avicularia from two bugulid species from different habitats. SEM analysis revealed an array of palatal morphologies. Small tufts of cilia emerge from the orifice in the palate of the avicularia of Tricellaria catalinensis, Arachnopusia unicornis and Catenicella pseudoelegans. A ciliated vestigial polypide emerges from the orifice in the palate of Rhynchozoon zealandicum and comprises eleven papillae, or vestigial tentacles, seven of which are covered in microvilli. The vestigial polypide of the bird's head avicularium of the cosmopolitan Bugula flabellata consists of a mass of ciliated and unciliated cells containing numerous granular vesicles. The avicularium of B. flabellata is capable of detecting tactile stimulation by virtue of the tuft of sensory cilia and is proactive in the capture of invertebrate epibionts. In contrast, in the deep-sea Nordgaardia cornucopioides, the vestigial polypide consists of a ciliated vestigial tentacle encased by glandular secretory cells. Avicularia possess structures derived from a feeding autozooid, and we show how the homologous structures have evolved and suggest that avicularia have been modified to carry out a variety of specific functions.

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Section: Anatomical Disparities In the Vestigial Polypide Of Confamilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphism and vestigiality: comparative anatomy and morphology of bryozoan avicularia

2010

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“…It is now widely accepted that sessile marine invertebrates display a wide range of defensive strategies through structural or chemical means (Dyrynda, 1986;Peters et al, 2003;Sharp, Winson & Porter, 2007). The defensive mechanisms displayed by avicularia may be mechanical (i.e.…”

Section: Evidence For a Defensive Rolementioning

confidence: 99%

Functional innovation through vestigialization in a modular marine invertebrate

Carter

Lidgard

Gordon

et al. 2011

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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Few studies show how morphological vestigialization may facilitate functional innovation. Fewer still describe the co-occurrence of the derived and more ancestral structures in the same genetic individual. In the present study, we explore that rare instance in a modular (colonial) marine invertebrate. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy with fluorescent staining and behavioural observations, we describe homologous structures in polymorphic modules (zooids) in the bryozoan Bugula flabellata and document the occurrence of previously unreported retractor and circular muscles in the more derived module, the bird's-head avicularium. In the evolution of a sessile feeding zooid to a moveable nonfeeding zooid with sensory and grasping functions, transformations were effected in the food-capture apparatus, orificial structures, musculature, and sensory structures. We expand on and clarify previous reports of homologies between ancestral and derived modules in bryozoans and argue that vestigialization and augmentation of homologous structures were coincident with functional innovations in the avicularium. The present study offers rare evidence for the evolution of functional innovation through vestigialization.

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“…1), are an interesting group of marine natural products with important biological activities (Hale et al 2002;Hale and Manaviazar 2010;Sharp et al 2007). They are known to bind to PKC isozymes resulting in induction of cell apoptosis and tumour growth inhibition (Brose and Rosenmund 2002;Wang et al 2003) and have been evaluated in clinical trials usually in combination with other cancer chemotherapies (Dowlati et al 2003;Newman and Cragg 2004;Roberts et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Approaches to the total synthesis of biologically active natural products: studies directed towards bryostatins

et al. 2010

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Progress on a total synthesis of the marine natural products, the bryostatins, is reviewed. Following studies aimed at the synthesis of the 1,16-and 17,27-fragments, procedures for the assembly of the macrocyclic ring of the bryostatins were investigated. Although ring-closing metathesis was not found to be useful for the synthesis of bryostatins with geminal dimethyl groups at C18, the modified Julia reaction was found to be useful for the stereoselective formation of the 16,17-double-bond and led to a synthesis of an advanced macrocyclic intermediate. Several novel synthetic procedures feature in this work.

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Bryozoan metabolites: an ecological perspective

Abstract: This Highlight covers the chemical ecology of bryozoans, primarily the ecological functions of bryozoan natural products. The Highlight is arranged taxonomically, according to the bryozoan Treatise classification (P. Bock, Bryozoa Homepage, 2006, http://bryozoa.net).

Cited by 101 publications

References 132 publications

Polymorphism and vestigiality: comparative anatomy and morphology of bryozoan avicularia

Polymorphism and vestigiality: comparative anatomy and morphology of bryozoan avicularia

Functional innovation through vestigialization in a modular marine invertebrate

Approaches to the total synthesis of biologically active natural products: studies directed towards bryostatins

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