Bt2: Direct Costs of Obesity in Portugal

Pereira, João Baptista Borges; Mateus, Cristina Cruz; Amaral, M B

doi:10.1016/s1098-3015(11)70359-x

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Although it is interesting to compare their findings, such comparisons are complicated by inconsistencies in study methodology, particularly with respect to the obesity‐related diseases included in the analysis. Wolf and Colditz (17), for example, include four diseases in their 1996 study, while Birmingham and co‐workers (11) and Pereira and co‐workers (14) both include 10. There appears to be a general consensus that coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, gallbladder disease, endometrial cancer, and osteoarthritis of the knee should be designated as ‘obesity‐related’ diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ten of the cross‐sectional modelling studies have been performed from the perspective of national health systems, including Australia (10), Canada (11), France (12), New Zealand (13), Portugal (14), and the United States (15–19). Although each of these studies employs the same basic methodology, they differ with respect to the selection of obesity‐related diseases and BMI cut points used to define obesity.…”

Section: Modelling Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although each of these studies employs the same basic methodology, they differ with respect to the selection of obesity‐related diseases and BMI cut points used to define obesity. Four of the 10 studies (10,13,15,16) include six diseases in their model, but one (17) contains only four and two (11,14) contain as many as 10. With respect to the BMI cut points, four studies (10,13,14,19) employ a threshold of ≥30 kg m −2 to define obesity, four others (15–18) use ≥29 kg m −2 , and two (11,12) use ≥27 kg m −2 .…”

Section: Modelling Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The medical‐care cost burden of obesity

2001

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Recent years have seen a dramatic rise in the prevalence of obesity in many countries, stimulating interest in the health and economic consequences of this phenomenon. In this article, we provide a systematic review of the literature on the medical-care cost burden of obesity. Relevant studies were identified using a computerized search of the medical literature for English-language articles published between 1990 and 2001. The 18 studies that met all criteria for inclusion in the review can be classified as modelling or database studies and further distinguished as cross-sectional or longitudinal in nature. The majority of studies that have been conducted are cross-sectional modelling studies, including 10 studies reporting the burden of obesity to national health systems. These suggest that obesity accounts for 5.5-7.0% of national health expenditures in the United States and 2.0-3.5% in other countries for which estimates have been reported. Other studies highlight the burden of obesity from other perspectives, including employers and health plans, as well as the impact of obesity on future disease risks and associated medical-care costs. Despite various methodological limitations, discussed herein, this body of research leads to the inescapable conclusion that obesity exacts an immense economic toll in various countries throughout the world.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modelling Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modelling Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The medical‐care cost burden of obesity

2001

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“…Several studies in western countries show that the direct medical healthcare cost attributable to overweight and obesity may account for 2–7% of the national total healthcare expenditures (7–14). In China, findings from 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey (2002‐CNHS) indicated that nearly 300 million adults are either overweight or obese in China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic burden of obesity‐related chronic diseases in Mainland China

Wen

Zhai

Ji³

et al. 2008

Obesity Reviews

120

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The objectives of the present study are: (i) to estimate annual direct medical costs of chronic diseases attributable to overweight and obesity among adults in China and (ii) to predict the medical costs if the epidemic continues developing. Using 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey (n = 39,834), the prevalence of overweight [24 > or = body mass index (BMI) < 28] and obesity (BMI > or = 28), and population attributable risks (PARs) for hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke were calculated. The 2003 third National Health Services Survey (n = 143,521) was used to derive direct medical costs including costs for outpatient visits, physician services, inpatient stays, rehabilitation services, nursing fees and medications. The medical costs attributable to overweight and obesity were estimated by multiplying the disease costs by PAR for each disease. The total medical cost attributable to overweight and obesity was estimated at 21.11 billion Yuan (RMB) (approximately $2.74 billion) accounting for 25.5% of the total medical costs for the four chronic diseases, or 3.7% of national total medical costs in 2003. The medical cost associated with overweight and obesity could increase to 37 billion Yuan (RMB) (approximately $4.8 billion), a 75% increase, if the epidemic developed speedily and the ratio of overweight to obesity approached 1.1:1. The high economic burden of overweight and obesity suggests an urgent need to develop effective interventions for controlling the obesity epidemic and consequently the prevention of chronic diseases.

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“…8 International estimates of the disease costs for obesity and related secondary diseases range from 2 to 6% of national total health-care expenditure. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Based on these international estimates and Ireland's total annual healthcare cost of 10 billion euros, 17 obesity costs may account for at least 200 million euros annually in this country. Added to this are costs for sick leave and early retirement, which are at least as high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%