Bubble nucleation and dynamics in acoustic droplet vaporization: a review of concepts, applications, and new directions

Evaporation issues of acoustically levitated fuel droplets

“…The droplets may also be caused to disperse by previously nucleated droplets [25] , by non-intrusive laser heating [75] , by the selection of a suitable modulation frequency [88] , or by commencing resonance at high voltage [57] . Using a level-set interface tracking approach, bubble development and collapse in acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) were investigated [55] , [59] , [94] , [95] , where bubbles made by amplitude and frequency operations may potentially contribute to droplet atomization.…”

Factors Influencing the Repeated Transient Optical Droplet Vaporization Threshold and Lifetimes of Phase Change, Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets

“…In contrast, acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) has been extensively characterized. Various factors related to the droplets, such as droplet size, surface tension, droplet concentration, and core boiling temperature, along with ultrasound activation parameters, including frequency, pulse repetition frequency, number of cycles, and pressure, have been found to impact the ADV threshold [19][20][21][22]. Some studies have shown similar dependencies in ODV thresholds.…”

Ultra-high-speed dynamics of acoustic droplet vaporization in soft biomaterials: Effects of viscoelasticity, frequency, and bulk boiling point

“…High-speed, brightfield microscopy has enabled study of ADV at high temporal resolutions. Formation of vapor nucleus in the initial phase-transition at the nanosecond timescale, interaction of the generated bubbles with ultrasound, and the growth stage microseconds post ultrasound have been recorded [20] . High-speed imaging, at a nanosecond timescale, demonstrated that the initial vapor nucleus was generated within the droplet, through homogeneous nucleation, and it was along the direction of ultrasound propagation [21] , [22] , [23] .…”

“…Microseconds after ultrasound was turned off, the ADV-generated bubbles were shown to oscillate in a decaying manner, due to unforced (i.e., not driven by ultrasound) radial oscillation, and settled to a final resting bubble size [24] , [25] . A detailed review of high-speed microscopy studies of ADV dynamics is provided in a prior review article [20] .…”