“…Nonsystem actors can shape school-based actors understanding policy expectations (Coburn, 2004, 2005a, 2006), and intermediary organizations can provide schools with resources, expertise, and administrative support (Honig, 2004; Honig, Venkateswaran, & McNeil, 2017). For-profit enterprises have influenced the content and practice of teaching since the common school movement (Burch, 2006; Clifford, 1984), and philanthropic organizations are increasingly influential in creating educational policy (Reckhow & Snyder, 2014).…”