Buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata) resistant to 2,4-D in Pennsylvania and alternative control options

Abstract

Buckhorn plantain populations purportedly resistant to 2,4-D were identified in Pennsylvania following long-term, continual applications of the active ingredient in turfgrass systems. The research objectives of this study were to (1) confirm 2,4-D resistance with dose-response experiments, (2) confirm field resistance of buckhorn plantain to 2,4-D in Pennsylvania, and (3) evaluate alternative herbicides for 2,4-D-resistant buckhorn plantain. Greenhouse dose-response experiments evaluated sensitivity of resistant and susceptible buckhorn plantain biotypes to 2,4-D and halauxifen-methyl, synthetic auxin herbicides from different chemical families. The resistant biotype was ≥ 11.3 times less sensitive to 2,4-D than the susceptible biotype and required a 2,4-D dosage ≥ 6.4 times greater than the standard application rate to reach 50% necrosis. No cross-resistance was observed to halauxifen-methyl as both resistant and susceptible populations were similar in herbicide sensitivity. Field experiments confirmed previous reports of ineffectiveness (≤ 30% reduction) with 2,4-D and other phenoxycarboxylic herbicides in potentially-resistant buckhorn plantain biotypes. Treatments containing halauxifen-methyl reduced resistant biotypes (≥ 70%). This is the first known report of synthetic auxin herbicide resistance for any weed species in Pennsylvania and highlights emerging herbicide resistance challenges in turfgrass systems.

On the formulation of disulfide herbicides based on aminophenoxazinones: polymeric nanoparticle formulation and cyclodextrin complexation to combat crop yield losses

“…Furthermore, ribwort has demonstrated increased resistance to classical herbicides since 2018. It is therefore important to find new herbicides to control this weed in the near future 6,23 . Common purslane ( P. oleracea ) also is part of the eudicot clade and it primarily infects rice crops 24 .…”

“…It is therefore important to find new herbicides to control this weed in the near future. 6,23 Common purslane (P. oleracea) also is part of the eudicot clade and it primarily infects rice crops. 24 Ryegrass (L. rigidum) is a monocot that mainly affects barley and wheat production, 25 and it also shows resistance phenomena to herbicides such as glyphosate.…”

“…Nevertheless, resistance phenomena have been observed and these are due to continuous exposure to these agrochemicals, even to the point where biotypes have developed that cannot be affected by the modes‐of‐action of the aforementioned herbicides. The first report of this resistance phenomenon appeared in 2012, but the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) reiterated the seriousness of this issue in 2020 6 . Furthermore, European Union policies are focused on reducing soil pollution caused by the application of the aforementioned ‘traditional’ herbicides in order to promote ecologically sound agriculture 7,8…”

“…The first report of this resistance phenomenon appeared in 2012, but the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) reiterated the seriousness of this issue in 2020. 6 Furthermore, European Union policies are focused on reducing soil pollution caused by the application of the aforementioned 'traditional' herbicides in order to promote ecologically sound agriculture. 7,8 As a consequence of this green shift, natural products and their mimics have emerged as an alternative approach to solve problems such as resistance to current commercial herbicides.…”

Herbicide-resistant weeds in turfgrass: current status and emerging threats

“…Interestingly, this population was not cross-resistant to triclopyr, a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide with an SOA similar to that of 2,4-D. Similarly, Russell et al (2019) identified two buckhorn plantain biotypes resistant to 2,4-D in Pennsylvania that were not resistant to halauxifen-methyl, an arylpicolinate synthetic auxin. Resistance to triclopyr and clopyralid has been confirmed in lawn burweed (Soliva sessilis Ruiz & Pav.)…”