Buckling of Three-Legged Columns with Batten Bracing

Direct observation of surface charge and stiffness of human metaphase chromosomes

“…It has been empirically conrmed that if the chromosome is treated with enzymes in reverse order, the removal of surface-covering materials does not work well. 33 The AFM images of the same sample at each step showed a clear distinction of each chromosome regardless of the enzyme treatment (Fig. 1b).…”

“…It has been empirically confirmed that if the chromosome is treated with enzymes in reverse order, the removal of surface-covering materials does not work well. 33 The AFM images of the same sample at each step showed a clear distinction of each chromosome regardless of the enzyme treatment (Figure 1b). When the samples were examined using AFM phase imaging, 34 the chromosome samples without hydrolase treatments are indeed covered with blanket-like materials (Figure S1a).…”

“…(e.g., RNA and proteins) attached on the at mica or Si wafer could not be completely hydrolysed by the proteases, 35 the covering materials on chromosomes seemed to be mostly degraded (Fig. S1b †).…”

“…In a previous work, it was reported that RNA molecules are well adsorbed on the chromosome surface. 35 As the outermost surface of chromosomes is rough owing to the compact granules, RNA deposition on the chromosome surface conceals the original undulating surface, so making it smoother and attened. 19 If the adsorbed RNA could be degraded by RNase, the morphology of the chromosome would return to being rough and undulating.…”

Accurate Height and Volume Measurements on Soft Samples with the Atomic Force Microscope

“…Metaphase chromosomes consist of tightly packed DNA and proteins in the form of chromatin fibers. They have been imaged with the AFM in air [29][30][31] and in liquid [32][33][34][35] and were shown to be highly elastic when hydrated. [35][36][37] Their measured size and volume can be used to classify them.…”