Budbreak Phenology and Natural Enemies Mediate Survival of First-Instar Forest Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Parry, Dylan; Spence, John R.; Volney, W. Jan A.

doi:10.1093/ee/27.6.1368

Cited by 98 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Preferential PPO induction in young leaves may be an adaptation against herbivory, since young leaves are often preferred by herbivorous insects. For example, survival of young FTC is enhanced if they have access to the very youngest leaves of trembling aspen during bud break rather than slightly older foliage (Parry et al, 1998). A strong inducible defense in these young leaves may thus help protect the tree.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphenol Oxidase from Hybrid Poplar. Cloning and Expression in Response to Wounding and Herbivory

et al. 2000

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The inducible expression of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), a presumed antiherbivore enzyme, was examined in hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa ϫ Populus deltoides). Following mechanical wounding simulating insect damage, PPO activity increased dramatically in wounded and unwounded leaves on wounded plants beginning at 24 and 48 h, respectively. A hybrid poplar PPO cDNA was isolated and its nucleotide sequence determined. On northern blots, PPO transcripts were detected within 8 h of wounding, and reached peak levels at 16 and 24 h in wounded and unwounded leaves, respectively. Methyl jasmonate spray and feeding by forest tent caterpillar also induced PPO expression. The induction of PPO was strongest in the youngest four leaves, which were generally avoided by caterpillars in free feeding experiments. This wound-and herbivore-induced expression of PPO in hybrid poplar supports the defensive role of this protein against insect pests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphenol Oxidase from Hybrid Poplar. Cloning and Expression in Response to Wounding and Herbivory

et al. 2000

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“…These tritrophic interactions can lead, for instance, to the slow-growth,high-mortality scenario whereby slow development on poor-quality (or poorly synchronized) host plants leads to higher predation in later instars, as caterpillars fail to grow large enough to escape attack before the natural enemies become abundant (e.g., Malacosoma disstria (Parry et al 1998)). This complexity implies that the natural history of individual study systems must be taken into consideration to understand how phenology mediates multitrophic interactions and their consequences for early-instar survivorship.…”

Section: Phenological Relationships Under a Changing Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of phenological synchronization on caterpillar early-instar survival under a changing climate

Despland

2018

Can. J. For. Res.

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Early-instar caterpillars experience very high and often very variable mortality; if it is density dependent, it can be a key factor in outbreak dynamics. Plant physical and chemical defenses can be extremely effective against young caterpillars, even of specialists. Phenological asynchrony with host plants can lead to dispersal and mortality in the early instars and increased predation or poor nutrition in later instars. Predation on early-instar larvae (including cannibalism) can be extremely high, parasitism appears generally low, and pathogens acquired early in larval development can lead to high mortality in later stadia. Four well-studied species reveal very different roles of early-instar mortality in population dynamics. In spruce budworm and gypsy moth, early-instar mortality rates can be very high; they do not drive outbreak cycles because density dependence is weak, but can modulate cycles and contribute to outbreak size and duration. For the autumnal moth, early-instar survival depends on host plant synchrony, but may or may not be density dependent. For monarch butterflies, the relative importance of larval mortality rates in population dynamics remains unclear. Tritrophic interactions between herbivores, host plants, natural enemies, and microbes play complex and species-specific roles in early-instar ecology, leading to emergent dynamics in population fluctuations. The phenology of these relationships is often poorly understood, making their responses to climate change unpredictable.Key words: Lepidoptera, hatchlings, synchronization, outbreaks.Résumé : Les chenilles des premiers stades larvaires connaissent des taux de mortalité très élevés et souvent très variables; si ces taux varient avec la densité, ils peuvent devenir un facteur clé dans la dynamique des épidémies. Les défenses physiques et chimiques des plantes sont souvent extrêmement efficaces contre les jeunes chenilles, même celles des espèces spécialisées. L'asynchronie phénologique avec les plantes hôtes peut entraîner la dispersion et la mortalité chez les premiers stades larvaires, et une augmentation de la prédation ou une mauvaise nutrition chez les derniers stades larvaires. La prédation lors des premiers stades larvaires (incluant le cannibalisme) peut être extrêmement élevée, le parasitisme semble généralement faible et les pathogènes qui infectent tôt dans le développement des larves peuvent entraîner un taux de mortalité élevé chez les stades ultérieurs. Quatre espèces bien étudiées révèlent différents rôles de la mortalité chez les premiers stades larvaires dans la dynamique des populations. Chez la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette et la spongieuse, les taux de mortalité peuvent être très élevés chez les premiers stades larvaires; ils n'ont pas d'effet déterminant sur les cycles épidémiques parce que la dépendance à la densité est faible, mais ils peuvent moduler les cycles et contribuer à l'ampleur et à la durée des épidémies. Dans le cas de l'épirrite automnale, la survie des premiers stades larvaires dépend ...

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“…The disruption of phenological synchrony between insects and their host plants is regarded as one of the most important potential consequences of climate change for plant-insect interactions (Bale et al, 2002;Parmesan and Yohe, 2003). This is especially true for early spring emerging insects, including some outbreak species such as forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) and spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), whose fitness is tightly linked to phenological synchrony with their host plant (Parry et al, 1998;Thomson, 2009). Because foliar quality declines with maturation (i.e.…”

Section: Direct and Plant-mediated Climate Change Effects On Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because foliar quality declines with maturation (i.e. nitrogen and water decrease, while tannins, lignin, and physical toughness increase), larvae that emerge and feed synchronously with early phases of leaf flush and expansion often have higher fitness than those that feed in later phases (Parry et al, 1998;Jones and Despland, 2006).…”

Section: Direct and Plant-mediated Climate Change Effects On Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of Climate Warming and Altered Precipitation Patterns for Plant-Insect and Multitrophic Interactions

et al. 2012

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(A.M.T.) Understanding and predicting the impacts of anthropogenically driven climate change on species interactions and ecosystem processes is a critical scientific and societal challenge. Climate change has important ecological consequences for species interactions that occur across multiple trophic levels. In this Update, we broadly examine recent literature focused on disentangling the direct and indirect effects of temperature and water availability on plants, phytophagous insects, and the natural enemies of these insects, with special attention given to forest ecosystems. We highlight the role of temperature in shaping plant and insect metabolism, growth, development, and phenology. Additionally, we address the complexity involved in determining climate-mediated effects on plant-insect and multitrophic level interactions as well as the roles of plant ecophysiological processes in driving both bottom-up and top-down controls. Climate warming may exacerbate plant susceptibility to attack by some insect groups, particularly under reduced water availability. Despite considerable growth in research investigating the effects of climate change on plants and insects, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how temperature and precipitation influence species interactions, particularly with respect to plant defense traits and insect outbreaks. Moreover, a systematic literature review reveals that research efforts to date are highly overrepresented by plant studies and suggests a need for greater attention to plant-insect and multitrophic level interactions. Understanding the role of climatic variability and change on such interactions will provide further insight into links between abiotic and biotic drivers of community-and ecosystem-level processes.Anthropogenic activities have led to rapid and unprecedented increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other greenhouse gases, which in turn have resulted in numerous observable climatic changes, such as elevated temperature, increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events (e.g. heat waves and droughts), and altered precipitation patterns (e.g. decreased snow cover) (National Research Council, 2010). Species are responding to these climate change factors, as demonstrated by shifts in phenology (the timing of key biological and life history events), biogeographic ranges, and ecological interactions (Bale et al., 2002;Parmesan and Yohe, 2003;Hegland et al., 2009;Robinson et al., 2012). In this Update, we review and discuss the consequences of climate change on plant-insect and multitrophic interactions. Specifically, we address the direct and indirect effects of climate warming and altered precipitation patterns on plants, phytophagous insects, and higher trophic level organisms. We focus on these two components of climate change, firstly, because temperature is the abiotic factor that most directly influences insects (Bale et al., 2002), and secondly, because water availability plays a prominent role in mediating plant-insect interactions (Mattso...

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Budbreak Phenology and Natural Enemies Mediate Survival of First-Instar Forest Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Cited by 98 publications

References 28 publications

Polyphenol Oxidase from Hybrid Poplar. Cloning and Expression in Response to Wounding and Herbivory

Polyphenol Oxidase from Hybrid Poplar. Cloning and Expression in Response to Wounding and Herbivory

Effects of phenological synchronization on caterpillar early-instar survival under a changing climate

Consequences of Climate Warming and Altered Precipitation Patterns for Plant-Insect and Multitrophic Interactions

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