Budgerigars have complex sleep structure similar to that of mammals

Canavan, Sofija V.; Margoliash, Daniel

doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000929

Cited by 18 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(219 reference statements)

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“…During sleep, the mammalian brain alternates between two distinct states—rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. The cyclic occurrence of REM sleep constitutes the REM-NREM or sleep cycle, an ultradian rhythm on a minute-to-hour time scale shared by mammals [ 1 ], birds [ 2 ], and reptiles [ 3 , 4 ]. Although we know in great detail about the neural mechanisms underlying oscillations on a millisecond-to-second timescale [ 5 ] or about transcriptional/translational oscillators generating circadian rhythms [ 6 ], we lack knowledge of how the brain generates ultradian rhythms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A probabilistic model for the ultradian timing of REM sleep in mice

et al. 2021

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A salient feature of mammalian sleep is the alternation between rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. However, how these two sleep stages influence each other and thereby regulate the timing of REM sleep episodes is still largely unresolved. Here, we developed a statistical model that specifies the relationship between REM and subsequent NREM sleep to quantify how REM sleep affects the following NREM sleep duration and its electrophysiological features in mice. We show that a lognormal mixture model well describes how the preceding REM sleep duration influences the amount of NREM sleep till the next REM sleep episode. The model supports the existence of two different types of sleep cycles: Short cycles form closely interspaced sequences of REM sleep episodes, whereas during long cycles, REM sleep is first followed by an interval of NREM sleep during which transitions to REM sleep are extremely unlikely. This refractory period is characterized by low power in the theta and sigma range of the electroencephalogram (EEG), low spindle rate and frequent microarousals, and its duration proportionally increases with the preceding REM sleep duration. Using our model, we estimated the propensity for REM sleep at the transition from NREM to REM sleep and found that entering REM sleep with higher propensity resulted in longer REM sleep episodes with reduced EEG power. Compared with the light phase, the buildup of REM sleep propensity was slower during the dark phase. Our data-driven modeling approach uncovered basic principles underlying the timing and duration of REM sleep episodes in mice and provides a flexible framework to describe the ultradian regulation of REM sleep in health and disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A probabilistic model for the ultradian timing of REM sleep in mice

et al. 2021

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“…We are not aware of any studies that have compared song-evoked responses during REM (rapid eye movement) versus non-REM sleep. It would be interesting to correlate responsivity to song playback with EEG patterns in adult birds, taking into account that episodes of different sleep states are quite brief (less than 30 sec in adult budgies) and slow wave sleep decreases through the night while REM sleep increases (Canavan and Margoliash, 2020). It is not clear how informative this approach might be in young songbirds given that EEG patterns are not a reliable indicator of sleep states in juvenile animals, although it is nevertheless possible that a given song type could elicit different neural responses in sensorimotor song regions depending on EEG activity.…”

Section: Comparing Urethane Anesthesia and Different Sleep Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses to song playback differ in sleeping versus anesthetized songbirds

Bottjer

Moing

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Vocal learning in songbirds is mediated by a highly localized system of interconnected forebrain regions, including recurrent loops that traverse the cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. This brain-behavior system provides a powerful model for elucidating mechanisms of vocal learning, with implications for learning speech in human infants, as well as for advancing our understanding of skill learning in general. A long history of experiments in this area has tested neural responses to playback of different song stimuli in anesthetized birds at different stages of vocal development. These studies have demonstrated selectivity for different song types that provide neural signatures of learning. In contrast to the ease of obtaining responses to song playback in anesthetized birds, song-evoked responses in awake birds are greatly reduced or absent, indicating that behavioral state is an important determinant of neural responsivity. Song-evoked responses can be elicited in sleeping as well as anesthetized zebra finches, and the selectivity of responses to song playback in adult birds tends to be highly similar between anesthetized and sleeping states, encouraging the idea that anesthesia and sleep are highly similar. In contrast to that idea, we report evidence that cortical responses to song playback in juvenile zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) differ greatly between sleep and urethane anesthesia. This finding indicates that behavioral states differ in sleep versus anesthesia and raises questions about relationships between developmental changes in sleep activity, selectivity for different song types, and the neural substrate for vocal learning.

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“…We are not aware of any studies that have compared song-evoked responses during REM (rapid eye movement) versus non-REM sleep. It would be interesting to correlate responsivity to song playback with EEG patterns in adult birds, taking into account that episodes of different sleep states are quite brief (<30 s in adult budgies) and slow wave sleep decreases through the night while REM sleep increases ( Canavan and Margoliash, 2020 ). It is not clear how informative this approach might be in young songbirds given that EEG patterns are not a reliable indicator of sleep states in juvenile animals, although it is nevertheless possible that a given song type could elicit different neural responses in sensorimotor song regions depending on EEG activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses to Song Playback Differ in Sleeping versus Anesthetized Songbirds

Bottjer

Moing

et al. 2022

eNeuro

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Vocal learning in songbirds is mediated by a highly localized system of interconnected forebrain regions, including recurrent loops that traverse the cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. This brain-behavior system provides a powerful model for elucidating mechanisms of vocal learning, with implications for learning speech in human infants, as well as for advancing our understanding of skill learning in general. A long history of experiments in this area has tested neural responses to playback of different song stimuli in anesthetized birds at different stages of vocal development. These studies have demonstrated selectivity for different song types that provide neural signatures of learning. In contrast to the ease of obtaining responses to song playback in anesthetized birds, song-evoked responses in awake birds are greatly reduced or absent, indicating that behavioral state is an important determinant of neural responsivity. Song-evoked responses can be elicited during sleep as well as anesthesia, and the selectivity of responses to song playback in adult birds is highly similar between anesthetized and sleeping states, encouraging the idea that anesthesia and sleep are similar. In contrast to that idea, we report evidence that cortical responses to song playback in juvenile zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ) differ greatly between sleep and urethane anesthesia. This finding indicates that behavioral states differ in sleep versus anesthesia and raises questions about relationships between developmental changes in sleep activity, selectivity for different song types, and the neural substrate for vocal learning.

show abstract

Budgerigars have complex sleep structure similar to that of mammals

Cited by 18 publications

References 124 publications

A probabilistic model for the ultradian timing of REM sleep in mice

A probabilistic model for the ultradian timing of REM sleep in mice

Responses to song playback differ in sleeping versus anesthetized songbirds

Responses to Song Playback Differ in Sleeping versus Anesthetized Songbirds

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