The European Monetary Union is an original, complex undertaking in the making. The single currency has so far operated smoothly, yet many of its details are controversial. Inflation has been low and the European Central Bank has achieved some credibility, though its strategy is often criticized. The euro has not displaced the dollar as the world currency, but has allowed for the emergence of Europe-wide bond market. The downside has been low growth in many countries, presumably a consequence of market rigidities. Similarly, the Stability and Growth Pact, designed to eliminate the budget deficit bias, has had a checkered history. Keywords Budget deficits; Deflation; Euro; European central bank; European monetary union; European overnight interest average; European union; Eurosystem; Excessive deficit procedure (EU); Exchange rate mechanism (EU); Externalities; Federal reserve system; Foreign exchange risk; Harmonized index of consumer prices (HICP); Inflation targeting; Maastricht treaty (EU); Optimum currency area; Price stability; Price transparency; Stability and growth pact; Sticky wages; Taylor rule; Time consistency of monetary and fiscal policy; Trade diversion JEL Classification
F3In 2007, 13 independent countries shared the same currency, the euro. The adoption of the common currency is a major step in the deep integration process followed in Europe since the Second World War.