Building a European defence capability

Cold War: the Union, NATO, the WEU and (to a lesser extent) the OSCE. It examines their development and analyses their interrelationship: what we have learned to call the European 'security architecture'. The final section of the chapter deals with the issue of the Union's role in world politics post-Cold War. European foreign and security policy This section presents a detailed analysis of European foreign and security policy as it has emerged after nearly fifty years of efforts by the EC/EU, dating back to the early 1950s with the European Defence Community (EDC) saga, and bringing us up to the Amsterdam and Nice reforms of October 1997 and February 2001, respectively. Attention is given not only to the CFSP itself, but also to its predecessor, EPC, which spanned nearly a quarter of a century (1970-93) before it was replaced by the CFSP with the coming into force of the TEU. One needs to stress a fundamental difference in the efforts at foreign and security policy cooperation before and after the Cold War, as the latter offered (Western) Europe two fundamentally different scenarios, one prior to, and one after, its demise. The dominant view from 1947 until 1989 was one favouring integration in an effort to protect the free Western side of Europe from succumbing to the communist threat of the Soviet empire (accompanied by similar economic and social efforts against the internal threat of communism, especially in France and Italy). This created a 'West versus East' divide that coloured all integration efforts in 'high politics' areas prior to 1989. After 1989, the security challenge has become one of integrating the East into the existing foreign and security structures of the West and, of course, of adapting them to this new international environment. Whereas the first phase was one of 'exclusion' , the second, and current, phase is one of 'inclusion'. The implications are enormous for integration theory and practice as they address totally different requirements. Pre-1989, defence meant that integration efforts were geographically limited to Western Europe and best served in practice by NATO thanks to American leadership and capabilities. Post-1989, we are facing the prospect of a Continent-wide security and defence system that may or may not include the US. That is to say, the European security agenda is now one of creating an overarching architecture that would include all European states and all the many institutions on the Continent dealing with international affairs (the Union, WEU, NATO, OSCE, and the Council of Europe). In practical terms, this means that the future of the CFSP/ESDP is clearly linked to the institutional reforms required to render the Union more efficient as it enlarges. This became visible in recent treaty reforms, where future changes to the number of Commissioners have been made dependent on a reweighting of votes in the Council. Amsterdam, in particular, also extended the scope of QMV in the CFSP, making it clear that treaty reforms would take into consideration not only the 'old' ar...

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“…American respect for ESDP would increase, making it easier for Washington to compromise for common transatlantic endeavours. 82…”

Section: The Capabilities and Responsibilities Gapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Institutional imperatives of system change

Chryssochoou¹,

Tsinisizelis²,

Stavridis³

et al. 2018

Theory and Reform in the European Union

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“…From the mid-1990s onwards scholars centred on the question of what kind of independent role the EU could or should fulfil alongside the Western European Union (WEU) and NATO (e.g. Cornish 1996;Deighton 1996;Howorth 2000Howorth , 2007Lenzi 1998;Manners and Whitman 2000;Missiroli 2002;Shake, et al 1999;Whitman 2004). This literature was also concerned with the transatlantic relations, and the 'division of labour' between the USA and Europe, concluding that the latter should take more responsibility for its own security, for securing its neighbourhood, and in the fight against global threats.…”

Section: Gaps In the Literature On Eu-nato Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grasping the everyday and extraordinary in EU–NATO relations: the added value of practice approaches

Græger

2017

European Security

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“…The relationship between the newly security-conscious EU and NATO is also another potential source of controversy. 59 Fundamentally, there remains a need to persuade US officials, particularly in the Bush administration, that an EU defence policy will not undermine NATO or US interests in Europe. Indications to date suggest that this will be no easy task.…”

Section: Europe's Defence Industry In the Twenty-first Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

The transformation and future prospects of Europe's defence industry

Guay

Callum

2002

International Affairs

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Europe’s defence industry has evolved by transforming itself from a collection of nationally oriented firms to one dominated by two giants. Stimuli external and internal to the European Union (EU) are responsible for this development. After describing the evolution of this sector since the end of the Cold War, the authors present four factors that played key roles: developments within the United States’ defence industry; the impact of technology and defence economics; general economic restructuring within the EU together with nascent defence industrial policy; and progress towards the creation of a European Security and Defence Policy. While the evolution required all four factors, the EU played a critical and under–appreciated economic and political role in the changes that have transformed the European defence industry, and is now positioned to continue to shape this process.

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Building a European defence capability

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Institutional imperatives of system change

Institutional imperatives of system change

Grasping the everyday and extraordinary in EU–NATO relations: the added value of practice approaches

The transformation and future prospects of Europe's defence industry

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