Building China’s Soft Power for a Peaceful Rise

Xin, Li; Worm, Verner

doi:10.1007/s11366-010-9130-2

Cited by 47 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Currently, there are more than 300 Confucius Institutes all over the world, including one in Malaysia (Xinhua News Agency 2010). Several researchers have described these efforts as China's aspiration to enhance and exercise its 'soft power' (Ding and Saunders 2006, Hartig 2012, Huang and Ding 2006, Li and Worm 2011, Zhao and Huang 2010. 'Soft power' is a concept developed by Joseph Nye (1990) and it refers to the ability of a country to use its attraction rather than coercion to influence other countries' policies in order to achieve the desired results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A search of popular mass media and the Internet revealed that people in Western countries hold rather narrow and stereotypical views about China. For example, some still believe that streets in Chinese cities are filled with red lanterns, that people in these streets wear traditional clothes and that everyone pursues Conñician values (Li andWorm 2011, Roel! 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Dragon, Kung Fu and Jackie Chan…”: Stereotypes About China Held by Malaysian Students

Nikitina¹,

Furuoka²

2013

Trames

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This study explored stereotypes about China held by young Malaysians. It focused on the learners ofthe Mandarin language in a big public university. The study not only examined the content but also assessed the favourability and salience ofthe language learners' stereotypes, which had not been done in the previous studies. The stereotypes about China provided by the participants were diverse; they referred to culture, politics, language, history, climate, landscape, economics, religion and the Chinese people. Overall, the stereotypes were favourable. Especially the stereotypes referring to Chinese traditional and popular culture and cultural symbols were among the most frequent and most salient images of China. An interesting finding was that transnational popular culture played an important role in the formation of the stereotypical images about China. The study concludes by highlighting some pedagogical implications based on these fmdings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Dragon, Kung Fu and Jackie Chan…”: Stereotypes About China Held by Malaysian Students

Nikitina¹,

Furuoka²

2013

Trames

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“…Others are concerned that maybe china could use it as a strategy to dominate and re-draw the world economic and security order through the initiatives instead of continuing with its development philosophy of peaceful development [23]. While Some scholars believe that through this initiative China can choose to be a responsible great power or challenger to the U.S existing hegemony [24], other scholars have emphasized that this is just a strategy of counter-balancing the U.S Asia-Pacific Pivot and Rebalancing Strategy [25].In relation to the NMSR being described as a an opportunity for ASEAN to access economic and financial benefits, this paper will evaluate what elements of hard power and DOI: 10.9790/0837-2201014552 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page soft power could be distinguished out of the implementation of this development initiative.On the claim that the NMSR is a response to the U.S's Asia-Pacific pivot, this paper will attempt to evaluate whether the deployment of hard power and soft power strategies by China is for purposes of developing and exercising its economic, security and political influence over ASEAN and other players in the South China Sea Region. To this effect, it becomes necessary to explore and understand whether we could isolate both hard power and soft power mechanisms within the strategic smart power of China being exercised through the NMSR.…”

Section: IIImentioning

confidence: 99%

The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road And China’s Engagement With Asean : Is It China’s Shift Fromuse Of Hard Power To Strategic Smart Power With Chinese Characteristics?

Kayembe¹

2017

IOSR JHSS

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Abstract:-One of emerging central claims in the field of International Cooperation as regards to Chinese engagement with ASEAN countries is that China has conceptualized and developed the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road (NMSR) as a strategy of strategic shift from the total use of hard power tools to deployment of a combination of both hard and soft power tools as new mechanisms of engagement with ASEAN with the aim of consolidating Chinese influence over ASEAN so as to reduce serious tensions over territorial disputes in South China Sea.Drawing on the significance of the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road and the theoretical perspectives of hard power and soft power, this paper argues that there is a realization on the part of China that it is for its own strategic benefit not only to rely on the use of hard power strategies as mechanisms of engagement with ASEAN, but rather move towards a combined use of hard and soft power tools if it were to gradually reduce tensions over territorial disputes in South China Sea. This combined use of hard and soft power mechanisms in its engagement with ASEAN through the NMSR is what the researcher regards asStrategic Smart Power with Chinese Characteristics. The logic of Strategic Smart Power with Chinese Characteristics is that the aspect of soft power strategies in it could be utilized by Chinato attract ASEAN countries into its economic and political zone of influence so as to peacefully persuade and attract ASEAN to reduce tensions and solve territorial sea disputes through bilateral approaches. The hard power strategies in the strategic smart power as defined in terms of economic benefits are used as carrots for ASEAN to engage more with China than the U.S, while the developing Chinese Military orientation in the Sea is deployed as counter-balance to the U.S's strategic military alliance andthe buildup of military arsenal in South China Sea. Through the 21 st Century MSR, the paper argues that China is shifting from the full use of hard power tools of engagement with ASEAN to usage of strategic smart power for purposes of advancing its own political and economic agenda in line with the geopolitics of South China Sea. Through the analysis in this paper, the researcher has critically explored and evaluated the issue of distinguishing clear signs of Chinese hard power and soft power in its engagement with ASEAN countries in South China Sea through the joint implementation of the NMSR. The paper has therefore argued that use of smart power by China as a strategic of deepening its economic and political engagement with ASEAN through NMSR is only a self-serving mechanism aimed at achieving its own geopolitical interests in South China Sea. The dichotomy that is there between use of hard and soft power is in its totality a contradiction to Chinese dream of establishing a peaceful environment in the South East Asia for economic development and prosperity. Notwithstanding the need to use NMSR as a strategy for resolving long term territorial disputes in SCS, the researcher argues...

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“…8 Secondly, the work of CIs in developing soft power is still being explored. Despite the proliferation of 339 CIs spread across 83 countries since the first CI was established in 2004, and predictions of more than 1,000 by 2020 (Zhao and Huang, 2010, p. 129), Li and Worm (2010) suggest that China's cultural soft power is in fact underdeveloped, and that CIs can be a coordinating agency for the international advancement of China's cultural strategy and the application of its cultural resources.…”

Section: Peta Saltermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Problem in Policy: Representations of Asia Literacy in Australian Education for the Asian Century

Salter

2013

Asian Studies Review

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This paper examines the strategic arguments articulated in calls for the teaching and learning of Asia in schools. "Asia literacy" is currently framed as a necessary "solution" for Australian education, but acceptance of this "solution" into the mainstream educational policy agenda has been problematised as a neoliberal and neocolonial construct. Subsequent policy debate indicates the dominance of an economic rationale that is seemingly impossible to resist. This paper suggests that critical policy approaches can be used to identify alternatives to these dominant frameworks, which imagine Asia literacy in alternate ways. Re-imagining the "solution" offers three alternatives: working within an economic agenda; restructuring Asia literacy away from a distinct policy agenda; and treating policy gaps as spaces in which teachers can generate locally relevant possibilities.

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Building China’s Soft Power for a Peaceful Rise

Cited by 47 publications

References 10 publications

“Dragon, Kung Fu and Jackie Chan…”: Stereotypes About China Held by Malaysian Students

“Dragon, Kung Fu and Jackie Chan…”: Stereotypes About China Held by Malaysian Students

The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road And China’s Engagement With Asean : Is It China’s Shift Fromuse Of Hard Power To Strategic Smart Power With Chinese Characteristics?

The Problem in Policy: Representations of Asia Literacy in Australian Education for the Asian Century

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