“…Previous research showed that culture impacts individuals' CMSs (see Imai & Gelfand, 2010;Kaushal & Kwantes, 2006;Ogliastri & Quintanilla, 2016;Ting-Toomey et al, 2000), and that conflicts in intercultural exchanges suffer from higher complexity (e.g., Wall & Callister, 1995), and communication difficulties (e.g., Liu, Chua, & Stahl, 2010). For example, Gunkel, Schlaegel and Taras (2016) suggest that the choice of styles in managing conflict in culturally diverse organizations is driven by values and cultural orientations (see also Holt & DeVore, 2005;Oudenhoven, Mechelse, & Dreu, 1998).…”