Building the Pamirs: The view from the underside

Ducea, Mihai N.; Лутков, В. С.; Minaev, V.; Hacker, Bradley R.; Ratschbacher, Lothar; Luffi, Péter; Schwab, Martina; Gehrels, George E.; McWilliams, Michael; Vervoort, Jeffrey D.; Metcalf, James R.

doi:10.1130/g19707.1

Cited by 134 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Fig. 8a shows a number of estimates of P, T from such nodules, from Hacker et al (2000Hacker et al ( , 2005, Ducea et al (2003), Jolivet et al (2003), Ding et al (2007), Chan et al, (2009), andGordon et al (2012). In agreement with Fig.…”

Section: Craton Formationsupporting

confidence: 71%

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Speculations on the formation of cratons and cratonic basins

McKenzie

2016

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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Section: Craton Formationsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…The estimates are from the metamorphic xenolith locations shown in Fig. 2b, marked with the same three letter codes, from Hacker et al (2000Hacker et al ( , 2005, Ducea et al (2003), Jolivet et al (2003), Ding et al (2007), Chan et al, (2009), andGordon et al (2012). (b) shows the same curves for shortening occurring 3 Ga ago.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speculations on the formation of cratons and cratonic basins

McKenzie

2016

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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“…1), the Pamir comprises a series of Paleozoic to Mesozoic sutures, magmatic belts and crustal blocks (e.g., Burtman and Molnar, 1993) that formed a steady state elevated plateau since the onset of the Cenozoic (Ducea et al, 2003). The tectonic units are assumed to be along-strike equivalents of the Tibetan Plateau that accreted to the Eurasian plate (e.g., Cowgill, 2010;Bershaw et al, 2012).…”

Section: Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Situated at the western end of the India-Asia collision zone, the Pamir have experienced some of the highest deformation rates on the planet (e.g., Burtman and Molnar, 1993;Pegler and Das, 1998;Reigber et al, 2001;Ducea et al, 2003;Wheeler et al, 2005). The topography of the Pamir is dominated by a series of Oligo-Miocene domes (Hubbard et al, 1999;Ducea et al, 2003;Schwab et al, 2004;Amidon and Hynek, 2010). The timing and mechanism of dome exhumation and the distribution of neotectonic activity are a focus of research in the Pamir (e.g., Schmidt et al, 2011;Schneider et al, 2013;Sippl et al, 2013;Stübner et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rates of river incision across the main tectonic units of the Pamir identified using optically stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial terraces

et al. 2014

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Calculated incision rates along the Panj, the main river of the Pamir, are used to investigate any influence by tectonics or climate on the architecture of the river. The depositional ages of Panj river terraces were calculated using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of terrace sand. Fluvial incision rates were generated by integrating the terrace depositional ages with accurate kinematic GPS measurements of terrace heights above the modern Panj. We investigated 16 terraces along the Panj at the western Pamir margin and one terrace from the Vakhsh River to the north of the Pamir. The results reveal brief periods of fluvial deposition over the past 26 kyr. The oldest Panj terrace depositional ages coincide with early MIS 2 and MIS 2/1 glaciations on the Pamir Plateau. Younger terrace ages have no apparent link with glacial cycles. Terraces with varying heights above the modern Panj at different localities yielded similar depositional ages. This suggests that local conditions have determined fluvial incision rates. Combining all of the terrace measurements, the average incision rate of the Panj over the last 26 kyr has been ∼5.6 mm/yr. A high mean incision rate of ∼7.3 mm/yr was calculated from terraces where the Panj has cut a steep-sided valley through the Shakhdara Dome. Significantly lower incision rates (∼2 -3 mm/yr) were calculated from terraces where the Panj flows along the southern boundaries of the Shakhdara and Yazgulom domes. At those localities, graded segments of the Panj river profile and increased valley widths are indicative of local base levels. Downstream of the Yazgulom Dome, river incision rates are generally lower (∼4 -5 mm/yr) than the Panj average. However, there is one exception where higher incision rates (∼6 mm/yr) were calculated upstream of the Darvaz Fault Zone, a major tectonic feature that forms the western boundary of the Pamir. The Vakhsh river terrace to the north of the Pamir yielded a lower incision rate (∼3 mm/yr) compared to the Panj average. Variation in incision rates along the Panj does not correspond to changes in rock type or river catchment area. Instead, incision rates appear to have been primarily influenced by river capture across the southern and central metamorphic domes of the Pamir. Wherever the Panj cuts these domes it displays a convex river profile. The combination of localized river profile convexity and changes in incision rates across the Pamir domes indicates that the dome boundaries have been active recently.

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“…The composition of the lower crust and upper mantle can directly be known only from xenoliths entrained in ultrapotassic or potassic (shoshonitic) volcanic rocks that have sampled the lower crust on their way up to the surface (e.g. Hacker et al 2000Hacker et al , 2005Ducea et al 2003;Chan et al 2009). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet

Searle

Elliott

Phillips

et al. 2011

JGS

240

154

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Crustal shortening and thickening to c. 70-85 km in the Tibetan Plateau occurred both before and mainly after the c. 50 Ma India-Asia collision. Potassic-ultrapotassic shoshonitic and adakitic lavas erupted across the Qiangtang (c. 50-29 Ma) and Lhasa blocks (c. 30-10 Ma) indicate a hot mantle, thick crust and eclogitic root during that period. The progressive northward underthrusting of cold, Indian mantle lithosphere since collision shut off the source in the Lhasa block at c. 10 Ma. Late Miocene-Pleistocene shoshonitic volcanic rocks in northern Tibet require hot mantle. We review the major tectonic processes proposed for Tibet including 'rigid-block', continuum and crustal flow as well as the geological history of the major strikeslip faults. We examine controversies concerning the cumulative geological offsets and the discrepancies between geological, Quaternary and geodetic slip rates. Low present-day slip rates measured from global positioning system and InSAR along the Karakoram and Altyn Tagh Faults in addition to slow long-term geological rates can only account for limited eastward extrusion of Tibet since Mid-Miocene time. We conclude that despite being prominent geomorphological features sometimes with wide mylonite zones, the faults cut earlier formed metamorphic and igneous rocks and show limited offsets. Concentrated strain at the surface is dissipated deeper into wide ductile shear zones.

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Building the Pamirs: The view from the underside

Cited by 134 publications

References 21 publications

Speculations on the formation of cratons and cratonic basins

Speculations on the formation of cratons and cratonic basins

Rates of river incision across the main tectonic units of the Pamir identified using optically stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial terraces

Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet

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