Bulk Density of Wet and Dry Wheat Straw and Switchgrass Particles

Lam, Pak Sui; Sokhansanj, S.; Bi, Xiaotao; Lim, C. J.; Naimi, Ladan J.; Hoque, Mozammel; Mani, Sudhagar; Womac, A. R.; Narayan, S.; Ye, X. P.

doi:10.13031/2013.24490

Cited by 130 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Hence, subjecting powdered and granulated materials to vibrations during storage, distribution and handling will result in an increase in tapped density values, which may cause flow problems in silos. Similar trends have been reported for pharmaceutical powders (Emery et al, 2009;Lam et al, 2008).…”

Section: Density and Porositysupporting

confidence: 88%

Effect of conditioner and moisture content on flowability of yellow cornmeal

Chinwan

Castell‐Perez

2019

Food Science & Nutrition

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Flow characterization of ground materials based on standard physical properties is not always accurate and must be complemented with other properties that help characterize their flowability. The flow properties of yellow cornmeal as a function of moisture content (10.0%, 13.5% 17.0%, and 20.0% wet basis) and concentrations of added conditioner (calcium stearate, a caking agent classified at GRAS, at 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00% wt/wt) were measured. The optimum flow behavior characteristics of the cornmeal were achieved at 0.50% wt/wt calcium stearate and 10.0% (w.b.) moisture content based on the flow function test. Overall, the material's flowability decreased with increased moisture content based on very high values for Hausner's ratio, Carr's Index, and angle of repose. The flow index (ffc) obtained by the flow function test decreased from 6.47 to 3.82 as moisture increased, indicating increased cohesivity. Calcium stearate increased the flowability of the material at 0.50% wt/wt, beyond which the flowability was not affected (p > .05). Samples were very hygroscopic and classified as Class IV. The Hausner's ratio, Carr's Index, and angle of repose showed a strong linear relationship with the flow index with correlation values of 0.91, 0.88, and 0.88, respectively. Isotherms together with physical properties should be used to determine the flow characteristics of granulated materials such as yellow cornmeal to establish the best storage and processing conditions.

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Section: Density and Porositysupporting

confidence: 88%

Effect of conditioner and moisture content on flowability of yellow cornmeal

Chinwan

Castell‐Perez

2019

Food Science & Nutrition

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“…The bulk density of the materials ( Table 1) was incorporated throughout the model to calculate the volume occupied and, thus, the equipment capacity required. With the addition of water and other components through the process, the bulk density of the wet mixture was calculated at each step [59].…”

Section: Feedstock Preparation and Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Bottlenecks of the Fungal Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Vasco‐Correa

Shah

2019

Fermentation

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Fungal pretreatment is a biological process that uses rotting fungi to reduce the recalcitrance and enhance the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic feedstocks at low temperature, without added chemicals and wastewater generation. Thus, it has been presumed to be low cost. However, fungal pretreatment requires longer incubation times and generates lower yields than traditional pretreatments. Thus, this study assesses the techno-economic feasibility of a fungal pretreatment facility for the production of fermentable sugars for a 75,700 m 3 (20 million gallons) per year cellulosic bioethanol plant. Four feedstocks were evaluated: perennial grasses, corn stover, agricultural residues other than corn stover, and hardwood. The lowest estimated sugars production cost ($1.6/kg) was obtained from corn stover, and was 4-15 times as much as previous estimates for conventional pretreatment technologies. The facility-related cost was the major contributor (46-51%) to the sugar production cost, mainly because of the requirement of large equipment in high quantities, due to process bottlenecks such as low sugar yields, low feedstock bulk density, long fungal pretreatment times, and sterilization requirements. At the current state of the technology, fungal pretreatment at biorefinery scale does not appear to be economically feasible, and considerable process improvements are still required to achieve product cost targets.Fermentation 2019, 5, 30 2 of 23 of water [5]. Additionally, most commercially available pretreatments, such as dilute acid and liquid hot water pretreatment, require an additional detoxification step, because their severe conditions promote the generation of compounds derived from lignocellulose, such as furans, weak acids and aromatic compounds, which could inhibit fermentative microorganisms, such as yeast and bacteria [6].A series of alternative methods have been proposed to reduce the severity of the conditions required for biomass fractionation and pretreatment. Use of extrusion, microwaves, ultrasound, or pulse electric field has shown to improve the biomass pretreatment process and allowed for the use of milder pretreatment conditions [7]. Biomass pretreatment with aqueous organic solvents (organosolv) [8,9], ozone (ozonolysis) [10], ionic liquids [11,12], or deep eutectic solvents [13] has shown promising results in biomass fractionation [14,15]. However, concerns about the costs, handling, and recovery of the chemicals present limitations in their large-scale applicability [14,16].Fungal pretreatment is as an alternative to conventional pretreatments that is performed at 25-30 • C, atmospheric pressure, in solid-state with low water use, and without added chemicals that can be corrosive and would need disposal or recovery [17]. Fungal pretreatment is generally performed using wood-rotting fungi, such as white-, brown-, or soft-rot fungi, due to their ability to modify the components of the lignocellulosic biomass. Brown-rot fungi mainly degrade cellulose and hemicellulose, with little modificati...

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“…The height and inside diameter of the container was used to calculate its volume. Then, the bulk density was calculated by dividing the weight of sample over the volume of the container [17]. As shown in Table 1, camelina seeds had a slightly higher bulk density than canola seeds.…”

Section: Materials and Device Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigated Cold Press Oil Extraction from Non-Edible Oilseeds for Future Bio-Jet Fuels Production

Zhao¹,

Wei²,

Julson³

et al. 2014

JSBS

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Bio-jet fuel produced from non-edible oilseeds can be an alternative to fossil fuels with the benefits of increasing national energy security, reducing environmental impact, and fostering rural economic growth. Efficient oil extraction from oilseeds is critical for economic production of bio-jet fuels. Oil extractions from camelina (sativa) and canola (Brassica napus) seeds were conducted using a cold press method. The effect of the frequency controlling the screw rotation speed on the oil recovery and quality was discussed. Characterization of the produced raw vegetable oils, such as heating value, elemental content and main chemical compositions, was carried out. The results showed that the oil recovery increased when the frequency decreased. The highest oil recoveries for camelina and canola seeds were 88.2% and 84.1% respectively, both at 15 Hz. The cold press frequency and processing temperature (97.2˚C -106.0˚C) had a minor influence on the qualities and recovery of both camelina and canola oils. In addition, camelina and canola oils produced at 15 Hz underwent catalytic cracking to examine potential hydrocarbon fuels production. It was observed that some of oil physicochemical properties were improved after catalytic cracking. Although more study is needed for further improvement of oil recovery and qualities, cold press could be an efficient method for oil extraction from non-edible oilseeds. Additionally, the preliminary results of upgrading the oils produced show very promising for future bio-jet fuels production.

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Bulk Density of Wet and Dry Wheat Straw and Switchgrass Particles

Cited by 130 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of conditioner and moisture content on flowability of yellow cornmeal

Effect of conditioner and moisture content on flowability of yellow cornmeal

Techno-Economic Bottlenecks of the Fungal Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Investigated Cold Press Oil Extraction from Non-Edible Oilseeds for Future Bio-Jet Fuels Production

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